《未曾闻经》的注释
1. Ananussutasuttavaṇṇanā
11在第二品的第一个部分中,“了知”是指以最殊胜的智慧去了知。如来依八种理由而得此名号:所谓“如此而来,所以是如来;如此而去,所以是如来;证得如此之相,所以是如来;对如此之法如实彻底觉悟,所以是如来;因为如实而见,所以是如来;因为如实而说,所以是如来;因为如实而行,所以是如来;因为具有征服之义,所以是如来”——就是依这样宣说的八种理由。“这是牛王之处”,牛王之处就是最殊胜的地方。因此说“牛王位即最殊胜处”。接下来,结合后面将要说明的“力”的含义,说他发出无所畏惧的吼声,宣说“我是具足十力者”。关于“梵轮”:在这里,“梵”是最胜的同义词。因为用了“梵”这个词,所以说“最胜轮”。而这里所说的轮,指的是法轮。
11. Dutiyassa paṭhame abhijānitvāti abhivisiṭṭhena ñāṇena jānitvā. Aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi tathāgatassāti ‘‘tathā āgatoti tathāgato. Tathā gatoti tathāgato. Tathalakkhaṇaṃ āgatoti tathāgato. Tathadhamme yāthāvato abhisambuddhoti tathāgato. Tathadassitāya tathāgato. Tathāvāditāya tathāgato. Tathākāritāya tathāgato. Abhibhavanaṭṭhena tathāgato’’ti evaṃ vuttehi aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi. Usabhassa idanti āsabhaṃ, seṭṭhaṭṭhānaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘āsabhaṃ ṭhānanti seṭṭhaṭṭhāna’’nti. Parato dassitabalayogena ‘‘dasabaloha’’nti abhītanādaṃ nadati. Brahmacakkanti ettha seṭṭhapariyāyo. Brahmasaddoti āha ‘‘seṭṭhacakka’’nti. Cakkañcetaṃ dhammacakkaṃ adhippetaṃ.
略说经的注释
3. Saṃkhittasuttavaṇṇanā
13在第三经中,固然在与相应诸法里的稳固性也是“力”的范畴;不过,面对敌对法时那种不可动摇的性质,才是更殊胜的“力”义,所以说“于失念时也不被动摇”。
13. Tatiye kāmaṃ sampayuttadhammesu thirabhāvopi balaṭṭho eva, paṭipakkhehi pana akampanīyattaṃ sātisayaṃ balaṭṭhoti vuttaṃ ‘‘muṭṭhassacce na kampatī’’ti.
广说经的注释
4. Vitthatasuttavaṇṇanā
14第十四段里说的“以念的审慎”,意思是用念的审慎,也就是敏锐、清晰、勇悍的状态。不过在注疏里,依“审慎就是慧”这个意图,说“审慎称为慧”。这样一来,念就被指示为另一个法了。而“具念”这个词,则把握了有殊胜作用的念,所以在别处也指出了念的作用:“对久作和久说的,能够忆念、随念”,这里只指出了念的作用,不是慧的作用。因此,“以念的审慎”可以理解为“以念具有审慎的状态”。由于缘的差别,念不依赖其他法而具有强大性,正因如此,即使在与智不相应的心中,诵读和观察也能生起。
14. Catutthe satinepakkenāti satiyā nepakkena, tikkhavisadasūrabhāvenāti attho. Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana nepakkaṃ nāma paññāti adhippāyena ‘‘nepakkaṃ vuccati paññā’’ti vuttaṃ. Evaṃ sati añño niddiṭṭho nāma hoti. Satimāti ca iminā savisesā sati gahitāti paratopi ‘‘cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā’’ti satikiccameva niddiṭṭhaṃ, na paññākiccaṃ, tasmā satinepakkenāti satiyā nepakkabhāvenāti sakkā viññātuṃ labbhateva. Paccayavisesavasena aññadhammanirapekkho satiyā balavabhāvo. Tathā hi ñāṇavippayuttacittenapi sajjhāyanasammasanāni sambhavanti.
“久作”是指自己或他人以身长期所做的,比如完成塔庙庭院义务等重大义务。“久说”是指自己或他人以言语长期所说的,比如恭敬地教授、劝人教授、忆持法、开示法、亲近侍坐谈论法义、随喜等所发起的语业。“忆念、随念”:在以身久作中,“身”就是身表;在久说中,“语”就是语表,这两者都是色法;而促使它们生起的心与心所则是无色法。就这样,这些色法和无色法“如此生起、如此灭去”——能够忆念并且随念,也就是生起念觉支,这就是其含义。这里所说的,正是能生起觉支的念。依此念,一次忆念称为“忆念”,反复一再忆念称为“随念”,应当这样理解。
Cirakatampīti attanā vā parena vā kāyena cirakataṃ cetiyaṅgaṇavattādimahāvattappaṭipattipūraṇaṃ. Cirabhāsitampīti attanā vā parena vā vācāya cirabhāsitaṃ sakkaccaṃ uddisanauddisāpanadhammāsāraṇadhammadesanāupanisinnakaparikathāanumodanīyādivasena pavattitaṃ vacīkammaṃ. Saritā anussaritāti tasmiṃ kāyena cirakate kāyo nāma kāyaviññatti, cirabhāsite vācā nāma vacīviññatti, tadubhayampi rūpaṃ, taṃsamuṭṭhāpakā cittacetasikā arūpaṃ. Iti ime rūpārūpadhammā evaṃ uppajjitvā evaṃ niruddhāti sarati ceva anussarati ca, satisambojjhaṅgaṃ samuṭṭhāpetīti attho. Bojjhaṅgasamuṭṭhāpikā hi sati idha adhippetā. Tāya satiyā esa sakiṃ saraṇena saritā, punappunaṃ saraṇena anussaritāti veditabbā.
5-10. 《应见经》等经的注释
5-10. Daṭṭhabbasuttādivaṇṇanā
15-2015-20. 在第五经中,“只在自己的范围内”是指各自只在自己所属的范围内。“讲说世间与出世间法”是指按照各自生起的特殊方式来讲说世间法和出世间法。“在四种入流支中”是指在亲近善士、听闻正法、如理作意、法随法行这四种入流道的因中。当然,在这些支分里,念等法也是应当要有的,因为没有它们,这些支分就不可能生起;不过在这里应当知道,信是特别起作用的。因为只有有信的人才会亲近善士、听闻正法、依无常等如理作意、随顺圣道而修行,所以说“在这里应当看到信力”。按照这个道理,对其余诸力的含义也应当这样理解。
15-20. Pañcame savisayasmiṃyevāti attano attano visaye eva. Lokiyalokuttaradhamme kathetunti lokiyadhamme lokuttaradhamme ca tena tena pavattivisesena kathetuṃ. Catūsu sotāpattiyaṅgesūti sappurisasaṃsevo saddhammassavanaṃ yonisomanasikāro dhammānudhammappaṭipattīti imesu catūsu sotāpattimaggakāraṇesu. Kāmañca tesu satiādayopi dhammā icchitabbāva tehi vinā tesaṃ asambhavato , tathāpi cettha saddhā visesato kiccakārīti veditabbā. Saddho eva hi sappurise payirupāsati, saddhammaṃ suṇāti, yoniso ca aniccādito manasi karoti, ariyamaggassa ca anudhammaṃ paṭipajjati, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘ettha saddhābalaṃ daṭṭhabba’’nti. Iminā nayena sesabalesupi attho daṭṭhabbo.
四正勤即四种正勤的修习。在四念处等中也同样如此。在这里,就像在入流支中信仰、在正勤修习中精进一样,在念处修习中,因为经文说“调伏对世间的贪忧”,所以在预备阶段,从作用上来说,念是更应被注重的;同样,对于以定为修行核心的人,定更应被注重;又因为“圣谛的修习就是慧的修习”,所以慧在预备阶段也更应被注重——这个道理很清楚。但在证悟的刹那,就像定与慧一样,所有力——信等——都应当保持均等。正因如此,才在各处强调“在这里是信力”等等。
Catūsu sammappadhānesūti catubbidhasammappadhānabhāvanāya. Catūsu satipaṭṭhānesūtiādīsupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca sotāpattiaṅgesu saddhā viya, sammappadhānabhāvanāya vīriyaṃ viya ca satipaṭṭhānabhāvanāya yasmā ‘‘vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassa’’nti (dī. ni. 2.373; ma. ni. 1.106) vacanato pubbabhāge kiccato sati adhikā icchitabbā, evaṃ samādhikammikassa samādhi, ‘‘ariyasaccabhāvanā paññābhāvanā’’ti katvā tattha paññā pubbabhāge adhikā icchitabbāti pākaṭoyamattho. Adhigamakkhaṇe pana samādhipaññānaṃ viya sabbesampi balānaṃ saddhādīnaṃ samatāva icchitabbā. Tathā hi ‘‘ettha saddhābala’’ntiādinā tattha tattha etthaggahaṇaṃ kataṃ.
现在,为了用譬喻说明信等诸力在不同阶段各有更突出的作用,所以说了“犹如”这一段。这里的譬喻和对应关系是这样的:使解脱成熟的五力,就像以国王为第五位成员的五位朋友。就像他们为了玩乐而一起走上街道,五力也是一起进入观的道途。就像朋友中第一位、第二位等各自先在自己家里做好准备,信等诸力也是在达到入流支等之后,成为前导。就像其他朋友在那些场合保持沉默,其余诸力在那些场合也只是跟随那个作为前导的力,随顺它的作用而行。因为那时候,其余诸力的作用并不明显,正如有伴随的地大等中水大等的作用并不明显一样,只有信等的作用清清楚楚地显现出来,因为心相续早已被那样的条件所造就。另外,这里为了说明修观者的修习特别以慧为最上,所以先用国王作譬喻,然后提出慧根。第六经等很容易理解。
Idāni saddhādīnaṃ tattha tattha atirekakiccataṃ upamāya vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘yathā hī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tatridaṃ upamā saṃsandanaṃ – rājapañcamasahāyā viya vimuttiparipācakāni pañca balāni. Nesaṃ kīḷanatthaṃ ekajjhaṃ vīthiotaraṇaṃ viya balānaṃ ekajjhaṃ vipassanāvīthiotaraṇaṃ, sahāyesu paṭhamādīnaṃ yathāsakaṃ geheva vicāraṇā viya saddhādīnaṃ sotāpattiaṅgādīni patvā pubbaṅgamatā. Sahāyesu itaresaṃ tattha tattha tuṇhībhāvo viya sesabalānaṃ tattha tattha tadanvayatā, tassa pubbaṅgamassa balassa kiccānugatā. Na hi tadā tesaṃ sasambhārapathavīādīsu āpādīnaṃ viya kiccaṃ pākaṭaṃ hoti, saddhādīnaṃyeva pana kiccaṃ vibhūtaṃ hutvā tiṭṭhati puretaraṃ tathāpaccayehi cittasantānassa abhisaṅkhatattā. Ettha ca vipassanākammikassa bhāvanā visesato paññuttarāti dassanatthaṃ rājānaṃ nidassanaṃ katvā paññindriyaṃ vuttaṃ. Chaṭṭhādīni suviññeyyāni.