第二放逸等品的注释
10. Dutiyapamādādivaggavaṇṇanā
98-115在第十品中,“内的”是指在自身相续中生起的;“外的”是指在自身相续之外生起的。按照所说的对立方式来理解,应当依据“为了不毁灭”等语句来把握其含义。所谓“四句分别”,是依据《增支部》1.96等结尾经中所说的“随顺不善、不随顺善、随顺善、不随顺不善”这种方式,并结合《增支部》1.11等经中“诸比丘,我不见其他任何一法……”等语句,而得出这个名称。
98-115. Dasame vagge ajjhattasantāne bhavaṃ ajjhattikaṃ. Ajjhattasantānato bahiddhā bhavaṃ bāhiraṃ. Vuttapaṭipakkhanayenāti ‘‘avināsāyā’’ti evamādinā attho gahetabbo. Catukkoṭiketi ‘‘anuyogo akusalānaṃ , ananuyogo kusalānaṃ, anuyogo kusalānaṃ, ananuyogo akusalāna’’nti (a. ni. 1.96) evaṃ pariyosānasutte āgatanayaṃ gahetvā ‘‘nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmī’’tiādinā (a. ni. 1.11) āgatasuttānaṃ samaññā jātā.
130在经教的理路上,按照所指责的方式,对杂染法的颠倒宣说,以及对各个法类的减损和增添的宣说,就是把非法说成法。反之,对同样的法不作颠倒、不增不减地宣说,就是把法说成法。同样,在律的行持中,不如法地宣说仪轨,就是把非法说成法;如法地宣说仪轨,就是把法说成法。依经教的理路,律有五分防护律以及断律,与它们相反的就是非律。依律教的理路,以事案圆满等如法而行就是律,反过来就是非律,应当这样理解。在“三十舍堕”中,这里的“iti”是“等等”的意思,由此包含了九十二波逸提、四应悔过、七诤事止息。在“三十一舍堕”处,也应当说“九十三波逸提”等等。其余的内容在这里很容易明白。
130. Suttantanaye yathācodanā saṃkilesadhammānaṃ vipariyesanaṃ, taṃtaṃdhammakoṭṭhāsānañca ūnato adhikato ca pavedanaṃ adhammaṃ dhammoti dīpanaṃ. Tesaṃyeva pana aviparītato anūnādhikato ca pavedanaṃ dhammaṃ dhammoti dīpanaṃ. Evaṃ vinayappaṭipattiyā ayathāvidhippavedanaṃ adhammaṃ dhammoti dīpanaṃ. Yathāvidhippavedanaṃ dhammaṃ dhammoti dīpanaṃ. Suttantanayena pañcavidho saṃvaravinayo pahānavinayo ca vinayo, tappaṭipakkhena avinayo. Vinayanayena vatthusampadādinā yathāvidhippaṭipatti eva vinayo, tabbipariyāyena avinayo veditabbo. Tiṃsa nissaggiyā pācittiyāti ettha iti-saddo ādyattho. Tena dvenavuti pācittiyā, cattāro pāṭidesaniyā, satta adhikaraṇasamathāti imesaṃ saṅgaho. Ekatiṃsa nissaggiyāti ettha ‘‘tenavuti pācittiyā’’tiādinā vattabbaṃ. Sesamettha suviññeyyameva.
“证得”是因为应当被证得,所以叫证得,指的是道和果。涅槃则因为不存在隐没,所以这里不取它。“行道”就是实践,是三种学处的结合;或者从应当被实践的角度,也可以叫行道。“教理”是因为应当被全面学习,所以叫教理,指的是三藏。虽然提到“道”的时候已经包含了第三明和第六神通,但因为明和神通通常一起说的缘故,这里又用“三明、六神通”来表述。此后(也就是神通存在的时期之后)所说的“六神通”,意思是佛灭一千年之后,还能生起六神通,但生不起无碍解。从那时起,也就是从神通存在之时以后。“那些”指的是诸神通。在前分阶段,因为没有禅那的润泽,只依纯粹的观而住,达到最高果的人,名为“干观者”;但在道的刹那,不可以说“没有禅那的润泽”,因为经中说“止观双运而修”。所谓“最后者的”,是指一切最后者。虽然圣者是不退法,但对须陀洹来说,在寿命未尽之前,已证得的法不能说“已生起”;由于因缘和合不存在时,直到生起更上位的殊胜之前,证得根本不可能,所以说“须陀洹……乃至……名为有”。应当知道,这是就人界而说的。
Adhigantabbato adhigamo, maggaphalāni. Nibbānaṃ pana antaradhānābhāvato idha na gayhati. Paṭipajjanaṃ paṭipatti, sikkhattayasamāyogo. Paṭipajjitabbato vā paṭipatti. Pariyāpuṇitabbato pariyatti, piṭakattayaṃ. Maggaggahaṇena gahitāpi tatiyavijjāchaṭṭhābhiññā vijjābhiññāsāmaññato ‘‘tisso vijjā cha abhiññā’’ti punapi gahitā. Tato paraṃ cha abhiññāti vassasahassato paraṃ cha abhiññā nibbattetuṃ sakkonti, na paṭisambhidāti adhippāyo. Tatoti abhiññākālato pacchā. Tāti abhiññāyo. Pubbabhāge jhānasinehābhāvena kevalāya vipassanāya ṭhatvā aggaphalappattā sukkhavipassakā nāma, maggakkhaṇe pana ‘‘jhānasineho natthī’’ti na vattabbo ‘‘samathavipassanaṃ yuganaddhaṃ bhāvetī’’ti (a. ni. 4.170) vacanato. Pacchimakassāti sabbapacchimassa. Kiñcāpi ariyo aparihānadhammo , sotāpannassa pana uddhaṃ jīvitapariyādānā adhigatadhammo uppanno nāma natthi, paccayasāmaggiyā asati yāva uparivisesaṃ nibbattetuṃ na sakkonti, tāva adhigamassa asambhavo evāti āha – ‘‘sotāpannassa…pe… nāma hotī’’ti. Tassidaṃ manussalokavasena vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
不呵责是指:虽然知道彼此身上存在的过失,也不去呵责、不去提醒。没有悔恨是指:不让悔恨生起。也有人读作“不恭敬地行事”,意思是由于懈怠,对学处不能恭敬地实行。“比丘成百上千住世”这句话,是就多数情况来说的。只要还有少数没有犯根本重罪的比丘住世,哪怕只有一位住世,修行之道就确实还没有断绝。因此说:“最后那位……已经断绝了。”
Na codentīti aññamaññasmiṃ vijjamānaṃ dosaṃ jānantāpi na codenti na sārenti. Akukkuccakā hontīti kukkuccaṃ na uppādenti. ‘‘Asakkaccakārino hontī’’ti ca paṭhanti, sāthalikatāya sikkhāsu asakkaccakārino hontīti attho. Bhikkhūnaṃ satepi sahassepi dharamāneti idaṃ bāhullavasena vuttaṃ. Antimavatthuanajjhāpannesu katipayamattesupi bhikkhūsu dharantesu, ekasmiṃ vā dharante paṭipatti anantarahitā eva nāma hoti. Tenevāha – ‘‘pacchimakassa…pe… antarahitā hotī’’ti.
“摄受弟子”就是接纳弟子。“以义理”就是依照注释的道理。“从顶部开始”就是从上面开始。“仅布萨犍度分”是指律的论母原文。就像《旷野之问》等那样,教理在天界的流传不可计量,所以说“在人界”。
Antevāsike gahetunti antevāsike saṅgahetuṃ. Atthavasenāti aṭṭhakathāvasena. Matthakato paṭṭhāyāti uparito paṭṭhāya. Uposathakkhandhakamattanti vinayamātikāpāḷimāha. Āḷavakapañhādīnaṃ viya devesu pariyattiyā pavatti appamāṇanti āha – ‘‘manussesū’’ti.
把嘴唇染成骨头的颜色,就是将嘴唇弄成骨色;或者把牙齿用齿垢染料染上一两遍,做成牙齿的颜色后再穿戴起来——这就是这段话的意思。或者说“黏在头发上”,就是用那片袈裟布把头发绑起来,让它黏附在头发上。因为侵损、毁坏比丘的种姓,所以叫“种姓仅存者”。另一种说法是,“种姓”指的是共通的名称,“仅”这个字在这里被省略了;因此,只是维持、挂着“沙门”这个种姓名称而已,就叫“种姓仅存者”,意思是徒有沙门之名的假沙门。因为袈裟缠在脖子上,或者因为拿袈裟而生起忧愁,所以叫“袈裟缠喉者”。“僧伽物”,因为是为了僧团而布施的,所以是僧伽之物。“那界舍利”,就是指那些界舍利。
Oṭṭhaṭṭhivaṇṇanti oṭṭhānaṃ aṭṭhivaṇṇaṃ, dantakasāvaṃ ekaṃ vā dve vā vāre rajitvā dantavaṇṇaṃ katvā dhārentīti vuttaṃ hoti. Kesesu vā allīyāpentīti tena kāsāvakhaṇḍena kese bandhantā allīyāpenti. Bhikkhugottassa abhibhavanato vināsanato gotrabhuno. Atha vā gottaṃ vuccati sādhāraṇaṃ nāmaṃ, mattasaddo luttaniddiṭṭho, tasmā ‘‘samaṇā’’ti gottamattaṃ anubhavanti dhārentīti gotrabhuno, nāmamattasamaṇāti attho. Kāsāvagatakaṇṭhatāya, kāsāvaggahaṇahetuuppajjanakasokatāya vā kāsāvakaṇṭhā. Saṅghagatanti saṅghaṃ uddissa dinnattā saṅghagataṃ. Taṃ sarīranti taṃ dhātusarīraṃ.
“因此”是说:教理的断绝才是根本,其他东西的断绝是由此而来的。帝释天王心里想的是:在饥荒的恐惧中,为了让比丘们到对岸去,他尽了力。“不”是指对粪扫衣长老和说法长老两者都没有做。“长老”是指当时在场作证的那些长老。说法长老引了“只要经典还在……安稳就不会坏灭”这段经文,然后用“经典被守护时,修行也被守护”这句话,让粪扫衣长老无话可说。现在,为了通过反面、正面和譬喻来说明“正是教理的不断绝,才是其他东西不断绝的原因”这个道理,说了“譬如”等话。这些内容很容易理解。
Tenevāti pariyattiantaradhānamūlakattā eva itaraantaradhānassa. Sakko devarājā chātakabhaye paratīragamanāya bhikkhū ussukkamakāsīti adhippāyo. Neti ubhayepi paṃsukūlikatthere dhammakathikatthere ca. Therāti tattha ṭhitā sakkhibhūtā therā. Dhammakathikattherā ‘‘yāva tiṭṭhantisuttantā…pe… yogakkhemā na dhaṃsatī’’ti idaṃ suttaṃ āharitvā ‘‘suttante rakkhite sante, paṭipatti hoti rakkhitā’’ti iminā vacanena paṃsukūlikatthere appaṭibhāne akaṃsu . Idāni pariyattiyā anantaradhānameva itaresaṃ anantaradhānahetūti imamatthaṃ byatirekato anvayato ca upamāhi vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘yathā hī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Taṃ suviññeyyameva.
140-150第十一品和第十二品本身很容易理解。
140-150. Ekādasamadvādasamavaggā suviññeyyā eva.