第十 比丘相应
10. Bhikkhusaṃyuttaṃ
拘律陀经的注解
1. Kolitasuttavaṇṇanā
235235. 在《比丘相应》的第一经里,“贤友”是弟子之间互相称呼的话。因为诸佛陀世尊招呼弟子时,会叫“比丘们”;而弟子们心想“我们不要跟佛陀一样”,所以先称“贤友”,之后才说“比丘们”。佛陀招呼时,比丘僧团回答“尊者”;弟子们互相招呼时,则回答“贤友”。所谓“这被称为”,是因为在第二禅那中,寻与伺止息了,由于它们止息,声处就不再起作用,所以这个第二禅那“被称为”圣者的默然。这里是经文意义上的关联。至于“法谈或者圣默然”这一句,实际上,对业处的作意以及初禅等状态,也都归入“圣默然”这个说法里。
235. Bhikkhusaṃyuttassa paṭhame, āvusoti sāvakānaṃ ālāpo. Buddhā hi bhagavanto sāvake ālapantā, ‘‘bhikkhave’’ti ālapanti, sāvakā pana ‘‘buddhehi sadisā mā homā’’ti, ‘‘āvuso’’ti paṭhamaṃ vatvā pacchā, ‘‘bhikkhave’’ti bhaṇanti. Buddhehi ca ālapite bhikkhusaṅgho, ‘‘bhante’’ti paṭivacanaṃ deti sāvakehi, ‘‘āvuso’’ti. Ayaṃ vuccatīti yasmā dutiyajjhāne vitakkavicārā nirujjhanti, yesaṃ nirodhā saddāyatanaṃ appavattiṃ gacchati, tasmā yadetaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ nāma, ayaṃ vuccati ‘‘ariyānaṃ tuṇhībhāvo’’ti. Ayamettha yojanā. ‘‘Dhammī vā kathā ariyo vā tuṇhībhāvo’’ti ettha pana kammaṭṭhānamanasikāropi paṭhamajjhānādīnipi ariyo tuṇhībhāvotveva saṅkhaṃ gatāni.
“与寻俱行”是指以寻为所缘。“想与作意”是指想和作意。“现行”是指生起、活动。据说这位长老对第二禅并不熟练。当他从第二禅出定后,寻与伺没有以寂静的状态现前。因此,对他来说,第二禅以及那些想与作意都成了退分。为了说明这一点,他这样说。“安立”是指正确地安立。“使心一境性”是指令心专一。“令等持”是指正确地专注、提升。大神通是指六种神通。据说导师用这个方法,在七天里让长老退失的定力增长,最终使长老达到六神通。第一。
Vitakkasahagatāti vitakkārammaṇā. Saññāmanasikārāti saññā ca manasikāro ca. Samudācarantīti pavattanti. Therassa kira dutiyajjhānaṃ na paguṇaṃ. Athassa tato vuṭṭhitassa vitakkavicārā na santato upaṭṭhahiṃsu. Iccassa dutiyajjhānampi saññāmanasikārāpi hānabhāgiyāva ahesuṃ, taṃ dassento evamāha. Saṇṭhapehīti sammā ṭhapehi. Ekodibhāvaṃ karohīti ekaggaṃ karohi. Samādahāti sammā ādaha āropehi. Mahābhiññatanti chaḷabhiññataṃ. Satthā kira iminā upāyena satta divase therassa hānabhāgiyaṃ samādhiṃ vaḍḍhetvā theraṃ chaḷabhiññataṃ pāpesi. Paṭhamaṃ.
第二 优波提舍经的注解
2. Upatissasuttavaṇṇanā
236236. 在第二经中,“世间中确实存在那样的某种事物吗?”这句话是针对极为崇高的有情或行而说的。“关于导师”这一句:因为阿难长老对导师有着极强的欲求和深厚的感情,所以为了探知“这位长老是否即使在导师遭遇变故时也不会生起忧愁等烦恼”,才这样问。“长时间”:是指从在猪掘洞门口为长爪游方者宣说《受摄受经》那天起,所经过的漫长时间。就在那一天,长老这些随顺轮回流转的烦恼已被彻底拔除。第二经结束。
236. Dutiye atthi nu kho taṃ kiñci lokasminti idaṃ atiuḷārampi sattaṃ vā saṅkhāraṃ vā sandhāya vuttaṃ. Satthupi khoti idaṃ yasmā ānandattherassa satthari adhimatto chando ca pemañca, tasmā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho imassa therassa satthu vipariṇāmenapi sokādayo nuppajjeyyu’’nti jānanatthaṃ pucchati? Dīgharattanti sūkarakhataleṇadvāre dīghanakhaparibbājakassa vedanāpariggahasuttantaṃ desitadivasato paṭṭhāya atikkantakālaṃ sandhāyāha. Tasmiñhi divase therassa ime vaṭṭānugatakilesā samūhatāti. Dutiyaṃ.
第三 瓶经注解
3. Ghaṭasuttavaṇṇanā
237第三,“独住一处”是指同一个房间。据说那时来了很多客比丘聚集在一起。因为按精舍或住所的顺序分配,住处不够,两位长老就分到了同一个房间。白天他们各自坐在自己的地方,到了晚上,就在两人中间拉起一块布帘隔开。他们各自坐在自己所得的位置上,所以经文说“独住一处”。“粗重”是就粗重的所缘来说的。他安住于以天眼和天耳界为主的安住,而色处和声处这些所缘,就叫做粗重。因为用天眼看见了色,用天耳界听到了声,所以这种安住就成为粗重。“天眼清净”是为了见世尊的色身而清净。“天耳界”也是为了听世尊之声而清净。世尊为了见长老和听长老之声,这两者也都清净了。据说那时长老心想:“现在世尊是如何安住的呢?”于是放大光明,以天眼看见世尊坐在祇园精舍的香室中,又以天耳界听到了他的声音。世尊也同样如此。这样,他们互相看见,也互相听到声音。
237. Tatiye ekavihāreti ekasmiṃ gabbhe. Tadā kira bahū āgantukā bhikkhū sannipatiṃsu. Tasmiṃ pariveṇaggena vā vihāraggena vā senāsanesu apāpuṇantesu dvinnaṃ therānaṃ eko gabbho sampatto. Te divā pāṭiyekkesu ṭhānesu nisīdanti, rattiṃ pana nesaṃ antare cīvarasāṇiṃ pasārenti. Te attano attano pattapattaṭṭhāneyeva nisīdanti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ekavihāre’’ti. Oḷārikenāti idaṃ oḷārikārammaṇataṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Dibbacakkhudibbasotadhātuvihārena hi so vihāsi, tesañca rūpāyatanasaddāyatanasaṅkhātaṃ oḷārikaṃ ārammaṇaṃ. Iti dibbacakkhunā rūpassa diṭṭhattā dibbāya ca sotadhātuyā saddassa sutattā so vihāro oḷāriko nāma jāto. Dibbacakkhu visujjhīti bhagavato rūpadassanatthāya visuddhaṃ ahosi. Dibbā ca sotadhātūti sāpi bhagavato saddasuṇanatthaṃ visujjhi . Bhagavatopi therassa rūpadassanatthañceva saddasuṇanatthañca tadubhayaṃ visujjhi. Tadā kira thero ‘‘kathaṃ nu kho etarahi satthā viharatī’’ti ālokaṃ vaḍḍhetvā dibbena cakkhunā satthāraṃ jetavane vihāre gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnaṃ disvā tassa dibbāya sotadhātuyā saddaṃ suṇi. Satthāpi tatheva akāsi. Evaṃ te aññamaññaṃ passiṃsu ceva, saddañca assosuṃ.
“已发起精进”是指精进圆满、精进已被策励。“仅仅如同放置一小块那么点”——意思是说:在宽达三千由旬的雪山旁边,放上一粒芥子大小的碎石,然后问:“到底是雪山巨大,还是这粒碎石大?”这样说,只是为了说明“仅仅如同放置一小块那么点”的程度而已。后面也是同样的道理。“劫”是指寿命之劫。“盐缸”是指:以轮围山的边缘为底座,边缘向上直抵梵天界而竖立的那口盐缸,这里就是用这个来作比喻。
Āraddhavīriyoti paripuṇṇavīriyo paggahitavīriyo. Yāvadeva upanikkhepanamattāyāti tiyojanasahassavitthārassa himavato santike ṭhapitā sāsapamattā pāsāṇasakkharā ‘‘himavā nu kho mahā, ayaṃ nu kho pāsāṇasakkharā’’ti evaṃ yāva upanikkhepanamattasseva atthāya bhaveyyāti vuttaṃ hoti. Paratopi eseva nayo. Kappanti āyukappaṃ. Loṇaghaṭāyāti cakkavāḷamukhavaṭṭiyā ādhārakaṃ katvā mukhavaṭṭiyā brahmalokaṃ āhacca ṭhitāya loṇacāṭiyāti dasseti.
这些长老在举譬喻的时候,是就相似之处和实际具有的功德来举的。怎么举呢?神通,因为极其高远、极其广大,所以像雪山一样;智慧,因为能深入并安住于四地之法,所以像盐味渗入一切菜肴那样,遍及一切行相。他们首先就是这样从相似的角度来举譬喻的。而定的特征,在大目犍连长老身上是清楚明显的。舍利弗长老虽然没有神通,但世尊说:“比丘们,在我的比丘弟子中,具神通第一的,就是大目犍连。”因此把他安立在这第一的位置上。观的特征,则在舍利弗长老身上是清楚明显的。大目犍连长老虽然也有智慧,但世尊说:“比丘们,在我的比丘弟子中,大智慧第一的,就是舍利弗。”因此把他安立在这第一的位置上。所以,他们各自的实际功德并不互相逾越,就是这样来举譬喻的。因为在定的特征上,大目犍连达到了圆满;在观的特征上,舍利弗长老达到了圆满;而在这两方面都圆满的,则是正等正觉者。第三。
Ime pana therā upamaṃ āharantā sarikkhakeneva ca vijjamānaguṇena ca āhariṃsu. Kathaṃ? Ayañhi iddhi nāma accuggataṭṭhena ceva vipulaṭṭhena ca himavantasadisā, paññā catubhūmakadhamme anupavisitvā ṭhitaṭṭhena sabbabyañjanesu anupaviṭṭhaloṇarasasadisā. Evaṃ tāva sarikkhakaṭṭhena āhariṃsu. Samādhilakkhaṇaṃ pana mahāmoggallānattherassa vibhūtaṃ pākaṭaṃ. Kiñcāpi sāriputtattherassa avijjamānaiddhi nāma natthi, bhagavatā pana ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ iddhimantānaṃ yadidaṃ mahāmoggallāno’’ti ayameva etadagge ṭhapito. Vipassanālakkhaṇaṃ pana sāriputtattherassa vibhūtaṃ pākaṭaṃ. Kiñcāpi mahāmoggallānattherassāpi paññā atthi, bhagavatā pana ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ mahāpaññānaṃ yadidaṃ sāriputto’’ti (a. ni. 1.189) ayameva etadagge ṭhapito. Tasmā yathā ete aññamaññassa dhuraṃ na pāpuṇanti, evaṃ vijjamānaguṇena āhariṃsu. Samādhilakkhaṇasmiñhi mahāmoggallāno nipphattiṃ gato, vipassanālakkhaṇe sāriputtatthero, dvīsupi etesu sammāsambuddhoti. Tatiyaṃ.
第四 新经的注释
4. Navasuttavaṇṇanā
238第四经中,“少事务”指没有牵挂。“Saṅkasāyati”指安住。“服务”指在衣事上应做的义务。“属于殊胜心的”指依于殊胜心、最上心的。“随意得者”指在想要的时候就能进入等至,因此是随意得者。“不难得者”指能以安乐镇伏禅那的障碍而进入等至,因此是无苦得者。“不费力得者”指能按限定时间出定,因此是广大得者,意思是禅那已熟练。“Akasiralābhī”:不费力得者,因他能按预定时间出定,即拥有熟练的禅那。“发起松弛”指让精进变得松弛。第四经结束。
238. Catutthe appossukkoti nirussukko. Saṅkasāyatīti viharati. Veyyāvaccanti cīvare kattabbakiccaṃ. Ābhicetasikānanti abhicittaṃ uttamacittaṃ nissitānaṃ. Nikāmalābhīti icchiticchitakkhaṇe samāpajjanasamatthatāya nikāmalābhī. Akicchalābhīti jhānapāripanthike sukhena vikkhambhetvā samāpajjanasamatthatāya adukkhalābhī. Akasiralābhīti yathāparicchedena vuṭṭhānasamatthatāya vipulalābhī, paguṇajjhānoti attho. Sithilamārabbhāti sithilavīriyaṃ pavattetvā. Catutthaṃ.
第五部《善生经》的注释
5. Sujātasuttavaṇṇanā
239239. 第五经中,“abhirūpa”是指容貌胜过其他色身。“Dassanīya”是指值得一看。“Pāsādika”是指能让看见的人心生净信。“Vaṇṇapokkharatāya”是指肤色殊妙美好。第五。
239. Pañcame abhirūpoti aññāni rūpāni atikkantarūpo. Dassanīyoti daṭṭhabbayutto. Pāsādikoti dassanena cittaṃ pasādetuṃ samattho. Vaṇṇapokkharatāyāti chavivaṇṇasundaratāya. Pañcamaṃ.
第六 拉昆达卡跋地亚经的注释
6. Lakuṇḍakabhaddiyasuttavaṇṇanā
240第六经中,dubbaṇṇa 指身体容貌丑陋。Okoṭimaka 指矮小。Paribhūtarūpa 指因为体量低劣而被人轻贱的那一类。据说,那些六群比丘碰到他时,就“贤友跋地亚,贤友跋地亚”地叫着,到处拉扯他,用种种方式戏弄他、拽他、拖他。所以经文说“受轻贱之身”。那他为什么会生成这样的身体呢?据说,在过去世他是一位大王。那时,他对年长的男人和年长的女人都感到厌恶。他如果看到年长的男人,就叫人只给他们留个顶髻,再系上沼泽草做的绳子,随心所欲地戏弄他们;如果看到年长的女人,也任意对她们进行各种欺凌和耍弄。这种行为在那些人的儿女面前,引起了极大的忧苦。他的这个恶行,从地面一直到六欲天界,都激起了一片怨叹喧哗。
240. Chaṭṭhe dubbaṇṇanti virūpasarīravaṇṇaṃ. Okoṭimakanti rassaṃ. Paribhūtarūpanti pamāṇavasena paribhūtajātikaṃ. Taṃ kira chabbaggiyā bhikkhū, ‘‘āvuso bhaddiya, āvuso, bhaddiyā’’ti tattha tattha parāmasitvā nānappakāraṃ kīḷanti ākaḍḍhanti parikaḍḍhanti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘paribhūtarūpa’’nti. Kasmā panesa evarūpo jāto? Ayaṃ kira atīte eko mahārājā ahosi, tassa mahallakā ca mahallakitthiyo ca paṭikūlā honti. So sace mahallake passati, tesaṃ cūḷaṃ ṭhapāpetvā kacchaṃ bandhāpetvā yathāruci kīḷāpeti. Mahallakitthiyopi disvā tāsampi icchiticchitaṃ vippakāraṃ katvā yathāruci kīḷāpeti. Tesaṃ puttadhītādīnaṃ santike mahāsārajjaṃ uppajjati. Tassa pāpakiriyā pathavito paṭṭhāya chadevaloke ekakolāhalaṃ akāsi.
这时,帝释天心想:“这个愚痴的家伙老是欺负大众,我得治治他。”于是他变成一个老车夫的样子,在车上放了一罐酪,赶着车进了城。国王也骑着大象从城里出来,看见了他,就说:“这个老头赶着酪车朝我们这边来了,拦住他!拦住他!”人们四处跑着去找,却看不见他。原来帝释天发了愿:“只让国王看见我,别让别人看见。”就在那些人喊着“在哪儿,大王?在哪儿,大王?”的时候,国王连人带象,像小牛跟着母牛一样,钻到了车底下。帝释天就把酪罐打碎了。
Atha sakko cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ andhabālo mahājanaṃ viheṭheti, karissāmissa niggaha’’nti. So mahallakagāmiyavaṇṇaṃ katvā yānake ekaṃ takkacāṭiṃ āropetvā yānaṃ pesento nagaraṃ pavisati. Rājāpi hatthiṃ āruyha nagarato nikkhanto taṃ disvā – ‘‘ayaṃ mahallako takkayānakena amhākaṃ abhimukho āgacchati, vāretha vārethā’’ti āha. Manussā ito cito ca pakkhandantāpi na passanti. Sakko hi ‘‘rājāva maṃ passatu, mā aññe’’ti evaṃ adhiṭṭhahi. Atha tesu manussesu ‘‘kahaṃ, deva, kahaṃ devā’’ti vadantesu eva rājā saha hatthinā vaccho viya dhenuyā yānassa heṭṭhā pāvisi. Sakko takkacāṭiṃ bhindi.
国王从头顶往下都被酪浆浸得浑身湿透。他擦净身体,在御花园的池塘里洗了澡,穿戴整齐,正要进城时,又看见了那个人。他一见就说道:“这就是我们先前见过的那个老家伙,又出现了。拦住他,拦住他!”人们纷纷喊道:“在哪儿,大王?在哪儿,大王?”四处乱跑。国王又一次陷入了和先前一样的狼狈境地。就在这时,帝释天让牛和车消失,站在空中说道:“你这愚人,你以为我是卖酪的商贩吗?我是天王帝释,特来制止你这种恶行。以后不许再干这种事!”这样严厉警告之后,他就离开了。因为这件事,国王变得容貌丑陋。
Rājā sīsato paṭṭhāya takkena kilinnasarīro ahosi. So sarīraṃ ubbaṭṭāpetvā uyyānapokkharaṇiyaṃ nhatvā alaṅkatasarīro nagaraṃ pavisanto puna taṃ addasa. Disvā ‘‘ayaṃ so amhehi diṭṭhamahallako puna dissati. Vāretha vāretha na’’nti āha. Manussā ‘‘kahaṃ, deva, kahaṃ, devā’’ti ito cito ca vidhāviṃsu. So paṭhamavippakārameva puna pāpuṇi. Tasmiṃ khaṇe sakko goṇe ca yānañca antaradhāpetvā ākāse ṭhatvā āha, ‘‘andhabāla, tvaṃ mayi takkavāṇijako eso’’ti saññaṃ karosi, sakkohaṃ devarājā, ‘‘tavetaṃ pāpakiriyaṃ nivāressāmī’’ti āgato, ‘‘mā puna evarūpaṃ akāsī’’ti santajjetvā agamāsi. Iminā kammena so dubbaṇṇo ahosi.
在毗婆尸正自觉者住世的时代,他那时投生为一只名叫“心彩杜鹃”的鸟,住在安稳的鹿野苑。有一天,它飞到雪山,用嘴衔了一颗甘甜的芒果往回飞,路上看见世尊被比丘僧团围绕着。它心想:“以前那些日子,我都是空着手去见如来。今天我有这颗熟芒果,我要把它献给十力尊。”于是它飞下来,在空中飞行。世尊知道它的心意,就看了一眼侍者。侍者取出钵,顶礼十力尊后,把钵放在世尊手中。杜鹃鸟把熟芒果放进十力尊的钵里。世尊就地坐下,吃了那颗芒果。杜鹃鸟满心净信,一次又一次地随念十力尊的功德,顶礼十力尊后,回到自己的巢里,以喜悦和快乐度过了七天。因为这一业,它的声音变得甜美。
Vipassīsammāsambuddhakāle panesa cittapattakokilo nāma hutvā kheme migadāye vasanto ekadivasaṃ himavantaṃ gantvā madhuraṃ ambaphalaṃ tuṇḍena gahetvā āgacchanto bhikkhusaṅghaparivāraṃ satthāraṃ disvā cintesi – ‘‘ahaṃ aññesu divasesu rittako tathāgataṃ passāmi. Ajja pana me imaṃ ambapakkaṃ atthi, dasabalassa taṃ dassāmī’’ti otaritvā ākāse carati. Satthā tassa cittaṃ ñatvā upaṭṭhākaṃ olokesi. So pattaṃ nīharitvā dasabalaṃ vanditvā satthu hatthe ṭhapesi. Kokilo dasabalassa patte ambapakkaṃ patiṭṭhāpesi. Satthā tattheva nisīditvā taṃ paribhuñji. Kokilo pasannacitto punappunaṃ dasabalassa guṇe āvajjetvā dasabalaṃ vanditvā attano kulāvakaṃ gantvā sattāhaṃ pītisukheneva vītināmesi. Iminā kammena saro madhuro ahosi.
在迦叶正自觉者那个时代,人们开始建塔的时候,互相商量说:“我们建多大的呢?”“建七由旬吧。”“那太大了,建六由旬吧。”“这也太大了,那就建五由旬、四由旬、三由旬、二由旬吧。”那时他做首席木匠,说:“贤者们,这样做,将来才方便好好维护。”说完就拿了绳子去量,站在大约一伽浮他远的地方,说:“让每一边都有一伽浮他,这样塔的周长就是一由旬,高度也是一由旬。”大家听从了他的话。那座塔用了七年七个月零七天才建成。就这样,他为无量的佛定下了尺寸。因为这一业,他生来身材矮小。
Kassapasammāsambuddhakāle pana cetiye āraddhe ‘‘kiṃpamāṇaṃ karoma? Sattayojanappamāṇaṃ. Atimahantaṃ etaṃ, chayojanappamāṇaṃ karoma. Idampi atimahantaṃ, pañcayojanaṃ karoma, catuyojanaṃ, tiyojanaṃ, dviyojana’’nti. Ayaṃ tadā jeṭṭhakavaḍḍhakī hutvā, ‘‘evaṃ, bho, anāgate sukhapaṭijaggitaṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti vatvā rajjuṃ ādāya parikkhipanto gāvutamattake ṭhatvā, ‘‘ekekaṃ mukhaṃ gāvutaṃ hotu, cetiyaṃ yojanāvaṭṭaṃ yojanubbedhaṃ bhavissatī’’ti āha. Te tassa vacane aṭṭhaṃsu. Cetiyaṃ sattadivasasattamāsādhikehi sattahi saṃvaccharehi niṭṭhitaṃ. Iti appamāṇassa buddhassa pamāṇaṃ akāsīti. Tena kammena okoṭimako jāto.
象和花鹿就是指象与花鹿。身体上没有可比性,意思是身体上并没有一个固定的衡量标准,单凭身体大小来衡量是没有道理的。第六。
Hatthayo pasadā migāti hatthino ca pasadamigā ca. Natthi kāyasmiṃ tulyatāti kāyasmiṃ pamāṇaṃ nāma natthi, akāraṇaṃ kāyapamāṇanti attho. Chaṭṭhaṃ.
第七 毗舍佉经的注释
7. Visākhasuttavaṇṇanā
241第七经的注释。
“城邦语”是指与都城居民的语言相似、音节和词句都没有缺失、听起来悦耳动听的语言。
“流畅的”是指不结巴、不迟钝,意思是说,不受胆汁和痰的影响。
“无瑕疵的”是说,不像口齿迟钝的人那样,说话时嘴里流着口水,不是那样的语言,而是没有过失、清晰明了的语言。
“意义周全的”是指所说内容涵盖四圣谛,不脱离四圣谛而展开。
“不依赖的”是指此说法不以轮回作为依凭而说。
经文说“因为法,就是诸位仙人的旗帜”,这是说九种出世间法被称为仙人们的旗帜。
第七经注释完毕。
241. Sattame poriyā vācāyāti puravāsīnaṃ nagaramanussānaṃ vācāsadisāya aparihīnakkharapadāya madhuravācāya. Vissaṭṭhāyāti asandiddhāya apalibuddhāya, pittasemhehi anupahatāyāti attho. Anelagalāyāti yathā dandhamanussā mukhena kheḷaṃ gaḷantena vācaṃ bhāsanti, na evarūpāya, atha kho niddosāya visadavācāya. Pariyāpannāyāti catusaccapariyāpannāya cattāri saccāni amuñcitvā pavattāya. Anissitāyāti vaṭṭanissitaṃ katvā akathitāya. Dhammo hi isinaṃ dhajoti navavidhalokuttaradhammo isīnaṃ dhajo nāmāti. Sattamaṃ.
第八 难陀经的注释
8. Nandasuttavaṇṇanā
242242. 第八经中,“敲了又敲”是指用手掌或木槌把一面敲过之后,翻过来再敲另一面。“涂了”是指用眼膏涂满。“干净的钵”是指色泽明净的陶钵。那么,长老为什么这样做呢?是为了了解导师的心意。据说他心里这样想:“如果导师说‘我这位弟弟确实长得庄严’,我就一辈子保持这个样子修行;如果导师在这里指出什么过失,我就舍弃这个样子,捡来粪扫布做成袈裟穿上,住在边远的住处修行。”你将会成为。
242. Aṭṭhame ākoṭitapaccākoṭitānīti ekasmiṃ passe pāṇinā vā muggarena vā ākoṭanena ākoṭitāni, parivattetvā ākoṭanena paccākoṭitāni. Añjetvāti añjanena pūretvā. Acchaṃ pattanti vippasannavaṇṇaṃ mattikāpattaṃ. Kasmā pana thero evamakāsīti? Satthu ajjhāsayajānanatthaṃ. Evaṃ kirassa ahosi ‘‘sace satthā ‘sobhati vata me ayaṃ kaniṭṭhabhātiko’ti vakkhati, yāvajīvaṃ iminā vākārena carissāmi. Sace ettha dosaṃ dassati, imaṃ ākāraṃ pahāya saṅkāracoḷaṃ gahetvā cīvaraṃ katvā dhārento pariyantasenāsane vasanto carissāmī’’ti. Assasīti bhavissasi.
“不知乞食”是指:在事先选定好的有权势者家中,为了寻找辛辣佐料和芳香美食而行乞,这叫“知乞食”。而逐户依次站在门前,得到混杂的食物,这叫“不知乞食”。这里指的就是后者。“于诸欲无期待者”,是指对事欲和烦恼欲都不抱期盼。“林野住者”等所有说法,都是依据他所受持的修行方式而说的。另外,“于诸欲无期待者”这一句,是他被带到天界见过天女之后,回来才说的。自从他说出此经那天起,长老便精勤努力,仅仅几天就证得阿拉汉果,成为包括天神在内的世间最上应供者。第八经注终。
Aññātuñchenāti abhilakkhitesu issarajanagehesu kaṭukabhaṇḍasambhāraṃ sugandhaṃ bhojanaṃ pariyesantassa uñcho ñātuñcho nāma. Gharapaṭipāṭiyā pana dvāre ṭhitena laddhaṃ missakabhojanaṃ aññātuñcho nāma. Ayamidha adhippeto. Kāmesu anapekkhinanti vatthukāmakilesakāmesu nirapekkhaṃ. Āraññiko cātiādi sabbaṃ samādānavaseneva vuttaṃ. Kāmesu ca anapekkhoti idaṃ suttaṃ devaloke accharāyo dassetvā āgatena aparabhāge kathitaṃ. Imassa kathitadivasato paṭṭhāya thero ghaṭento vāyamanto katipāheneva arahatte patiṭṭhāya sadevake loke aggadakkhiṇeyyo jāto. Aṭṭhamaṃ.
第九 帝萨经注
9. Tissasuttavaṇṇanā
243第九经中,“忧恼者”是指生起了忧恼。可是,他为什么这样痛苦、这样忧恼呢?因为他是刹帝利种姓出身,后来出家了。人们让他出家时,给他穿上下裙,披上上等的袈裟,涂了眼膏,又用紫胶油抹了他的头。比丘们各自去了日间住处或夜间住处,他却不知道“比丘应当坐在僻静的地方”,就走进食堂,爬上一张大凳子坐下。一些四处游方的客比丘、持粪扫衣的比丘回来了,他们心想:“我们这副模样,满身尘土,这样子没法去见十力世尊。我们先把行李放下吧。”于是他们走进了食堂。那些大长老进来时,他仍然一动不动地坐着。别的比丘对他说:“我们来给您洗脚、拿扇子扇风吧?”向他请示。可他还是坐着不动,反问:“你们有多少戒腊?”他们回答:“我们没有戒腊。您有多少戒腊?”他说:“我们今天才出家。”于是比丘们说:“贤友,你今天才剃度,发根还散发着虱子的气味呢。我们这么多长老向你问讯致意,你却一声不响、一动不动地坐着,连一点恭敬都没有。你是在谁的教法里出家的?”他们围住他,用言语像刺棒一样戳他:“你是欠了债,还是害怕什么,还是活不下去了才出家的?”他朝一位长老看了一眼,那位长老说:“你这老家伙,看我干什么?”他又朝另一位看,那位也照样说他。这时他心里生起了刹帝利的傲慢:“这些人围着我,用话刺我。”眼泪像宝石一样从眼中滚落下来。然后他对他们说:“你们是到谁那里去的?”他们说:“什么?你以为我们是到你那里去的?你把我们当成在家人手下的佣人了吗?”接着又说:“我们是到那位在诸天与人类中最殊胜的导师那里去的。”他听了就发怒说:“你们是到我哥哥那里去的?既然这样,我现在就沿着你们来的路走。”说完就气冲冲地离开了。走到半路上,他心里想:“我就这样走了,世尊难道不会把他们赶走吗?”他痛苦、忧恼,一路流着泪走了。就是因为这个缘故,他才变成这样。
243. Navame dummanoti uppannadomanasso. Kasmā panāyaṃ evaṃ dukkhī dummano jātoti? Khattiyapabbajito hesa, tena naṃ pabbājetvā dupaṭṭasāṭakaṃ nivāsāpetvā varacīvaraṃ pārupetvā akkhīni añjetvā manosilātelena sīsaṃ makkhesuṃ. So bhikkhūsu rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānaṃ gatesu ‘‘bhikkhunā nāma vivittokāse nisīditabba’’nti ajānanto bhojanasālaṃ gantvā mahāpīṭhaṃ āruhitvā nisīdi. Disāvacarā āgantukā paṃsukūlikā bhikkhū āgantvā, ‘‘imināva nīhārena rajokiṇṇehi gattehi na sakkā dasabalaṃ passituṃ. Bhaṇḍakaṃ tāva ṭhapessāmā’’ti bhojanasālaṃ agamaṃsu. So tesu mahātheresu āgacchantesu niccalo nisīdiyeva. Aññe bhikkhū ‘‘pādavattaṃ karoma, tālavaṇṭena bījāmā’’ti āpucchanti. Ayaṃ pana nisinnakova ‘‘kativassatthā’’ti? Pucchitvā, ‘‘mayaṃ avassikā. Tumhe pana kativassatthā’’ti? Vutte, ‘‘mayaṃ ajja pabbajitā’’ti āha. Atha naṃ bhikkhū, ‘‘āvuso, adhunā chinnacūḷosi, ajjāpi te sīsamūle ūkāgandho vāyatiyeva, tvaṃ nāma ettakesu vuḍḍhataresu vattaṃ āpucchantesu nissaddo niccalo nisinno, apacitimattampi te natthi, kassa sāsane pabbajitosī’’ti? Parivāretvā taṃ vācāsattīhi paharantā ‘‘kiṃ tvaṃ iṇaṭṭo vā bhayaṭṭo vā jīvituṃ asakkonto pabbajito’’ti? Āhaṃsu. So ekampi theraṃ olokesi, tena ‘‘kiṃ maṃ olokesi mahallakā’’ti? Vutte aññaṃ olokesi, tenapi tatheva vutte athassa ‘‘ime maṃ parivāretvā vācāsattīhi vijjhantī’’ti khattiyamāno uppajji. Akkhīsu maṇivaṇṇāni assūni sañcariṃsu. Tato ne āha – ‘‘kassa santikaṃ āgatatthā’’ti. Te ‘‘kiṃ pana tvaṃ ‘mayhaṃ santikaṃ āgatā’ti? Amhe maññasi gihibyañjanabhaṭṭhakā’’ti vatvā, ‘‘sadevake loke aggapuggalassa satthu santikaṃ āgatamhā’’ti āhaṃsu. So ‘‘mayhaṃ bhātu santike āgatā tumhe, yadi evaṃ idāni vo āgatamaggeneva gamanaṃ karissāmī’’ti kujjhitvā nikkhanto antarāmagge cintesi – ‘‘mayi imināva nīhārena gate satthā ete na nīharāpessatī’’ti dukkhī dummano assūni pavattayamāno agamāsi. Iminā kāraṇena esa evaṃ jātoti.
“用言语的刺棒刺他”,就是用话语去刺人。“弄得密密麻麻”,意思是让话语像刺一样密集、没有间断地布满,也就是从上面纷纷刺下来。“说的人”,是指别人随自己高兴就随便乱说。“却受不了别人说的话”,是指受不了别人的话。现在,你就是被这种愤怒、被刚才说的那些言语的刺棒刺中了。不过,过去你还曾被逐出国土。这样说的时候,比丘们就问世尊:“世尊,那是什么时候的事?”于是比丘们恳请世尊开示。
Vācāsannitodakenāti vacanapatodena. Sañjambharimakaṃsūti sañjambharitaṃ nirantaraṃ phuṭaṃ akaṃsu, upari vijjhiṃsūti vuttaṃ hoti. Vattāti pare yadicchakaṃ vadatiyeva. No ca vacanakkhamoti paresaṃ vacanaṃ khamituṃ na sakkoti. Idāni tāva tvaṃ iminā kopena iminā vuttavācāsannitodakena viddho. Atīte pana raṭṭhato ca pabbājitoti. Evaṃ vutte, ‘‘katarasmiṃ kāle bhagavā’’ti? Bhikkhū bhagavantaṃ yāciṃsu.
导师说:过去在波罗奈城,波罗奈王治理国家。那时,有两位仙人来到波罗奈城,一位出身高贵,一位叫摩登伽。其中那位出身高贵的先到,坐在陶匠的作坊里。摩登伽苦行者后到,在那里请求一个地方住。陶匠说:这里已经先有一位出家人进去了,你去问他吧。摩登伽便拿了自己的随身用具,站在作坊门口,说:老师,也请给我们一个地方住一夜吧。那位说:进来吧,贤者。进去坐下后,那位问他:贤者,你姓什么?他说:我是旃陀罗种姓。那位说:不能和你坐在同一个地方,你到一边去吧。于是摩登伽就在那里铺了草席躺下,那位出身高贵的靠着门边躺下。摩登伽为了出去小便,踩到了他的胸口。那位问:这是谁?摩登伽说:是我,老师。那位说:喂,旃陀罗,你就看不到别的路吗?偏要来踩我!摩登伽说:老师,我没看见才踩到你的,请原谅我。那位大士出去后,他心想:这个人回来时一定还会从这边过来。于是翻身躺下。大士也想:老师头朝那边躺着,我从脚边过去吧。进来时又踩到了他的胸口。那位问:这是谁?摩登伽说:是我,老师。那位说:第一次还可以说是你不知道,现在你却是故意踩我。太阳升起时,你的头要裂成七瓣!大士什么也没说,在太阳还没升起、天还没亮时就把太阳抓住了,不让它升起。人们和大象、马等动物都醒来了。
Satthā āha – atīte bārāṇasiyaṃ bārāṇasirājā rajjaṃ kāresi. Atheko jātimā, eko mātaṅgoti dve isayo bārāṇasiṃ agamaṃsu. Tesu jātimā puretaraṃ gantvā kumbhakārasālāyaṃ nisīdi. Mātaṅgo tāpaso pacchā gantvā tattha okāsaṃ yāci kumbhakāro ‘‘atthettha paṭhamataraṃ paviṭṭho pabbajito, taṃ pucchā’’ti āha. So attano parikkhāraṃ gahetvā sālāya dvāramūle ṭhatvā, ‘‘amhākampi ācariya ekarattivāsāya okāsaṃ dethā’’ti āha. ‘‘Pavisa, bho’’ti. Pavisitvā nisinnaṃ, ‘‘bho, kiṃ gottosī’’ti? Pucchi. ‘‘Caṇḍālagottomhī’’ti. ‘‘Na sakkā tayā saddhiṃ ekaṭṭhāne nisīdituṃ, ekamantaṃ gacchā’’ti. So ca tattheva tiṇasanthārakaṃ pattharitvā nipajji, jātimā dvāraṃ nissāya nipajji. Itaro passāvatthāya nikkhamanto taṃ urasmiṃ akkami. ‘‘Ko eso’’ti ca vutte? ‘‘Ahaṃ ācariyā’’ti āha. ‘‘Re caṇḍāla, kiṃ aññato maggaṃ na passasi? Atha me āgantvā akkamasī’’ti. ‘‘Ācariya, adisvā me akkantosi, khama mayha’’nti. So mahāpurise bahi nikkhante cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ paccāgacchantopi itova āgamissatī’’ti parivattetvā nipajji. Mahāpurisopi ‘‘ācariyo ito sīsaṃ katvā nipanno, pādasamīpena gamissāmī’’ti pavisanto puna urasmiṃyeva akkami. ‘‘Ko eso’’ti ca vutte? ‘‘Ahaṃ ācariyā’’ti āha. ‘‘Paṭhamaṃ tāva te ajānantena kataṃ, idāni maṃ ghaṭentova akāsi, sūriye te uggacchante sattadhā muddhā phalatū’’ti sapi. Mahāpuriso kiñci avatvā purearuṇeyeva sūriyaṃ gaṇhi, nāssa uggantuṃ adāsi. Manussā ca hatthiassādayo ca pabujjhiṃsu.
人们去到王宫,说:“大王,全城里没有一个人是没醒的,可曙光就是不出现,这到底是怎么回事?”国王说:“那你们就去城里查一查。”他们查探时,在陶匠的作坊里看见两位苦行者,心想:“这事一定是他们干的。”于是就去禀告国王。国王说:“去问他们。”他们就去问那位“生”:“是你们把天弄黑的吗?”“生”说:“不是我干的。是这边这个顶髻苦行者,一个无耻的骗子,你们去问他。”他们就去问大士:“尊者,是您把天弄黑的吗?”(大士说:)“是的,这位老师诅咒了我,所以是我干的。”他们回去禀告国王。国王也来了,问大士:“尊者,是您干的吗?”(大士说:)“是的,大王。”“为什么,尊者?”“因为他诅咒了我。如果他肯请求我原谅,我就把太阳放出来。”国王说:“尊者,请让他求得您的原谅吧。”那个人却说:“像我这样有出身的人,怎么能去求这种贱民原谅?我不求原谅。”
Manussā rājakulaṃ gantvā, ‘‘deva, sakalanagare appabuddho nāma natthi, na ca aruṇuggaṃ paññāyati, kinnu kho eta’’nti? Tena hi nagaraṃ parivīmaṃsathāti. Te parivīmaṃsantā kumbhakārasālāyaṃ dve tāpase disvā, ‘‘imesaṃ etaṃ kammaṃ bhavissatī’’ti gantvā rañño ārocesuṃ. Raññā ca ‘‘pucchatha ne’’ti vuttā āgantvā jātimantaṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘tumhehi andhakāraṃ kata’’nti. ‘‘Na mayā kataṃ, esa pana kūṭajaṭilo chavo anantamāyo, taṃ pucchathā’’ti. Te āgantvā mahāpurisaṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘tumhehi, bhante, andhakāraṃ kata’’nti. ‘‘Āma ayaṃ ācariyo maṃ abhisapi, tasmā mayā kata’’nti. Te gantvā rañño ārocesuṃ. Rājāpi āgantvā mahāpurisaṃ ‘‘tumhehi kataṃ, bhante’’ti? Pucchi. ‘‘Āma, mahārājā’’ti. ‘‘Kasmā bhante’’ti? ‘‘Iminā abhisapitomhi, sace maṃ eso khamāpessati, sūriyaṃ vissajjessāmī’’ti. Rājā ‘‘khamāpetha, bhante, eta’’nti āha. Itaro ‘‘mādiso jātimā kiṃ evarūpaṃ caṇḍālaṃ khamāpessati? Na khamāpemī’’ti.
这时,人们问他:“你难道不肯按自己的意愿去请求原谅吗?”说完,就抓住他的手和脚,把他按倒在老师脚下,说:“快请求原谅!”他一声不吭地趴着。人们又说:“请求原谅!”他这才说:“老师们,请原谅我。”大士说:“我先原谅你,把太阳放出来;可是太阳一升起,你的头就会裂成七块。”接着又说:“拿一团和他脑袋一样大的泥,放在他头顶上,让他站到河水没到脖子那么深的地方。”人们照办了。到这时候,整个国家的兵力都聚集起来了。大士把太阳放了出来。阳光照过来,打在泥团上。泥团裂成了七块。那人立刻潜入水中,从一处渡口上岸逃走了。导师引出这件事,把前后接上,说:“现在你在比丘们面前挨骂,过去你也因为嗔怒被赶出了国土。”然后教诫他,说:“提舍,这对你并不合适……”等等。第九。
Atha naṃ manussā ‘‘na kiṃ tvaṃ attano ruciyā khamāpessasī’’ti? Vatvā hatthesu ca pādesu ca gahetvā pādamūle nipajjāpetvā ‘‘khamāpehī’’ti āhaṃsu. So nissaddo nipajji. Punapi naṃ ‘‘khamāpehī’’ti āhaṃsu. Tato ‘‘khama mayhaṃ, ācariyā’’ti āha. Mahāpuriso ‘‘ahaṃ tāva tuyhaṃ khamitvā sūriyaṃ vissajjessāmi, sūriye pana uggate tava sīsaṃ sattadhā phalissatī’’ti vatvā, ‘‘imassa sīsappamāṇaṃ mattikāpiṇḍaṃ matthake ṭhapetvā etaṃ nadiyā galappamāṇe udake ṭhapethā’’ti āha. Manussā tathā akaṃsu. Ettāvatā saraṭṭhakaṃ rājabalaṃ sannipati. Mahāpuriso sūriyaṃ muñci. Sūriyarasmi āgantvā mattikāpiṇḍaṃ pahari. So sattadhā bhijji. Tāvadeva so nimujjitvā ekena titthena uttaritvā palāyi. Satthā imaṃ vatthuṃ āharitvā, ‘‘idāni tāva tvaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ santike paribhāsaṃ labhasi, pubbepi imaṃ kodhaṃ nissāya raṭṭhato pabbājito’’ti anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā atha naṃ ovadanto na kho te taṃ tissa patirūpantiādimāha. Navamaṃ.
第10篇 《长老名经》的注释
10. Theranāmakasuttavaṇṇanā
244244. 第十首偈颂中,“赞叹功德”就是宣说功德利益。“凡属过去的,他已舍断”:对于过去的五蕴,由于舍断了欲贪,就称为已舍断。“未来的”:未来的五蕴也因舍弃了其中的欲贪,就称为已弃舍。“征服一切”:征服了一切蕴、处、界以及三有而安住。“了知一切”:对上述这一切都已了知、都已明了地安住。“于一切法”:对于那些法,不被渴爱和邪见的粘着所染污。“舍断一切”:对那一切,通过舍断其中的欲贪而舍断、安住。“于渴爱灭尽而解脱”:在名为渴爱灭尽的涅槃中,以涅槃为所缘的解脱而得解脱。第十。
244. Dasame vaṇṇavādīti ānisaṃsavādī. Yaṃ atītaṃ taṃ pahīnanti atīte khandhapañcake chandarāgappahānena taṃ pahīnaṃ nāma hoti. Anāgatanti anāgatampi khandhapañcakaṃ tattha chandarāgapaṭinissaggena paṭinissaṭṭhaṃ nāma hoti . Sabbābhibhunti sabbā khandhāyatanadhātuyo ca tayo bhave ca abhibhavitvā ṭhitaṃ. Sabbavidunti taṃ vuttappakāraṃ sabbaṃ viditaṃ pākaṭaṃ katvā ṭhitaṃ. Sabbesu dhammesūti tesveva dhammesu taṇhādiṭṭhilepehi anupalittaṃ. Sabbañjahanti tadeva sabbaṃ tattha chandarāgappahānena jahitvā ṭhitaṃ. Taṇhakkhaye vimuttanti taṇhakkhayasaṅkhāte nibbāne tadārammaṇāya vimuttiyā vimuttaṃ. Dasamaṃ.
《大劫宾那经》的注释
11. Mahākappinasuttavaṇṇanā
245245. 第十一篇中,摩诃劫宾那是一位名叫如此的、证得神通力的大长老,属于八十位大弟子之一。据说他在家时,统治着库库塔瓦蒂城,国土方圆三百由旬。但因为已是最后一生,他四处留心倾听,想听闻这样的教法。有一天,他在一千位大臣的陪同下,去御苑游玩。那时,有一队从中部地区来的徒步商人到了那座城,安放好货物后,心想“我们要去见国王”,便带着礼物来到王宫门口。听说“国王去了御苑”,他们就前往御苑,站在门口,向守门人通报。国王得知后,叫人把他们召来。他们献上礼物,行礼后站在一旁。国王问:“各位,你们从哪里来?”他们说:“大王,从舍卫城来。”“你们那里收成好吗?国王如法吗?”“是的,大王。”“你们那里有什么教法吗?”“有,大王,但不能用沾过食物的嘴说。”国王便让人用金瓶送水。他们漱了口,面向十力尊合掌,说:“大王,我们那里出现了名为佛宝的。”国王一听到“佛”这个字,全身顿时涌起喜悦。于是问:“各位,你们说的是‘佛’吗?”他们说:“大王,我们说的是‘佛’。”国王让他们这样确认了三遍,心中想:“‘佛’这个词不可限量,无法测其边际。”便对此生起净信,给了十万钱,又问:“还有什么别的教法?”他们说:“大王,出现了名为法宝的。”他听了也照样让他们确认三遍,又给了十万钱,再问:“还有什么别的教法?”他们说:“大王,出现了僧宝。”他听了也照样让他们确认三遍,又给了十万钱,把已给之事写在文书上,说:“各位,去王后那里吧。”便派他们去了。他们走后,国王问大臣们:“各位,佛已出现于世间,你们要做什么?”他们说:“大王,您想做什么?”“我要出家。”“我们也要出家。”他们全部没有告知家宅或眷属,就骑着之前来时骑的马,随他一起离开了。
245. Ekādasame mahākappinoti evaṃnāmako abhiññābalappatto asītimahāsāvakānaṃ abbhantaro mahāthero. So kira gihikāle kukkuṭavatīnagare tiyojanasatikaṃ rajjaṃ akāsi. Pacchimabhavikattā pana tathārūpaṃ sāsanaṃ sotuṃ ohitasoto vicarati. Athekadivasaṃ amaccasahassaparivuto uyyānakīḷikaṃ agamāsi. Tadā ca majjhimadesato jaṅghavāṇijā taṃ nagaraṃ gantvā, bhaṇḍaṃ paṭisāmetvā, ‘‘rājānaṃ passissāmā’’ti paṇṇākārahatthā rājakuladvāraṃ gantvā, ‘‘rājā uyyānaṃ gato’’ti sutvā, uyyānaṃ gantvā, dvāre ṭhitā, paṭihārassa ārocayiṃsu. Atha rañño nivedite rājā pakkosāpetvā niyyātitapaṇṇākāre vanditvā ṭhite, ‘‘tātā, kuto āgatatthā’’ti? Pucchi. ‘‘Sāvatthito devā’’ti. ‘‘Kacci vo raṭṭhaṃ subhikkhaṃ, dhammiko rājā’’ti? ‘‘Āma, devā’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana tumhākaṃ dese kiñci sāsana’’nti? ‘‘Atthi, deva, na pana sakkā ucchiṭṭhamukhehi kathetu’’nti. Rājā suvaṇṇabhiṅgārena udakaṃ dāpesi. Te mukhaṃ vikkhāletvā dasabalābhimukhā añjaliṃ paggaṇhitvā, ‘‘deva, amhākaṃ dese buddharatanaṃ nāma uppanna’’nti āhaṃsu. Rañño ‘‘buddho’’ti vacane sutamatte sakalasarīraṃ pharamānā pīti uppajji. Tato ‘‘buddhoti, tātā, vadathā’’ti? Āha. ‘‘Buddhoti deva vadāmā’’ti. Evaṃ tikkhattuṃ vadāpetvā, ‘‘buddhoti padaṃ aparimāṇaṃ, nāssa sakkā parimāṇaṃ kātu’’nti tasmiṃyeva pasanno satasahassaṃ datvā puna ‘‘aññaṃ kiṃ sāsana’’nti? Pucchi. ‘‘Deva dhammaratanaṃ nāma uppanna’’nti. Tampi sutvā tatheva tikkhattuṃ paṭiññaṃ gahetvā aparampi satasahassaṃ datvā puna ‘‘aññaṃ kiṃ sāsana’’nti? Pucchi. ‘‘Saṅgharatanaṃ deva uppanna’’nti. Tampi sutvā tatheva tikkhattuṃ paṭiññaṃ gahetvā aparampi satasahassaṃ datvā dinnabhāvaṃ paṇṇe likhitvā, ‘‘tātā, deviyā santikaṃ gacchathā’’ti pesesi. Tesu gatesu amacce pucchi, ‘‘tātā, buddho loke uppanno, tumhe kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Deva tumhe kiṃ kattukāmā’’ti? ‘‘Ahaṃ pabbajissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Mayampi pabbajissāmā’’ti. Te sabbepi gharaṃ vā kuṭumbaṃ vā anapaloketvā ye asse āruyha gatā, teheva nikkhamiṃsu.
商人们来到阿诺贾王后面前,呈上文书。她读完后问道:“各位,国王给了你们很多钱,你们做了什么呢?”他们回答:“王后,我们带来了喜讯。”她说:“各位,也让我们听听吧。”他们回答:“可以,王后,但我们不能用沾过食物的嘴来说。”她便让人用金瓶送水来。他们漱了口,就像向国王禀报那样向她禀报了一遍。她听后生起欢喜,每确认一句,就让他们重复三遍,按确认的次数每句给三份,一共给了九十万钱。商人们总共得到了一百二十万钱。然后她问他们:“各位,国王在哪里?”他们回答:“王后,国王说要出家,已经离开了。”她说:“那么,各位,你们回去吧。”她打发他们走后,把跟随国王而去的大臣们的妻子召来,问道:“姐妹们,你们知道自己丈夫去了哪里吗?”她们回答:“知道,夫人,他们跟着国王去御苑游玩了。”她说:“确实去了。不过到了那里,他们听说‘佛已出现,法已出现,僧已出现’,就说‘我们要在十力尊座前出家’,然后就去了。你们打算怎么办呢?”她们反问:“夫人,您打算怎么办?”她说:“我要出家,绝不会把别人吐出来的东西再放到舌头上。”她们说:“既然这样,我们也出家。”于是她们全都备好车乘,出发了。
Vāṇijā anojādeviyā santikaṃ gantvā paṇṇaṃ dassesuṃ. Sā vācetvā ‘‘raññā tumhākaṃ bahū kahāpaṇā dinnā, kiṃ tumhehi kataṃ, tātā’’ti? Pucchi. ‘‘Piyasāsanaṃ devi ānīta’’nti. ‘‘Amhepi sakkā, tātā, suṇāpetu’’nti. ‘‘Sakkā devi, ucchiṭṭhamukhehi pana vattuṃ na sakkā’’ti. Sā suvaṇṇabhiṅgārena udakaṃ dāpesi. Te mukhaṃ vikkhāletvā rañño ārocitanayeneva ārocesuṃ. Sāpi sutvā uppannapāmojjā teneva nayena ekekasmiṃ pade tikkhattuṃ paṭiññaṃ gahetvā paṭiññāgaṇanāya tīṇi tīṇi katvā navasatasahassāni adāsi. Vāṇijā sabbānipi dvādasasatasahassāni labhiṃsu. Atha ne ‘‘rājā kahaṃ, tātā’’ti, pucchi. ‘‘Pabbajissāmīti nikkhanto devī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, tātā, tumhe gacchathā’’ti te uyyojetvā raññā saddhiṃ gatānaṃ amaccānaṃ mātugāme pakkosāpetvā, ‘‘tumhe attano sāmikānaṃ gataṭṭhānaṃ jānātha ammā’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Jānāma ayye, raññā saddhiṃ uyyānakīḷikaṃ gatā’’ti. Āma gatā, tattha pana gantvā, ‘‘buddho uppanno, dhammo uppanno, saṅgho uppanno’’ti sutvā, ‘‘dasabalassa santike pabbajissāmā’’ti gatā. ‘‘Tumhe kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tumhe pana ayye kiṃ kattukāmā’’ti? ‘‘Ahaṃ pabbajissāmi, na tehi vantavamanaṃ jivhagge ṭhapeyya’’nti. ‘‘Yadi evaṃ, mayampi pabbajissāmā’’ti sabbā rathe yojāpetvā nikkhamiṃsu.
国王也带着一千位大臣来到了恒河岸边。那时恒河正涨满水。他看见这情景,心想:“这条恒河涨满了水,又挤满了凶猛的鱼,跟我们一起来的奴仆或人一个也没有,没人能给我们造船或做木筏。但这位大师的功德,从下面的无间地狱一直铺展到上面的有顶天。如果这位大师是正等正觉者,就让这些马的蹄背不要沾湿。”于是他们驱马踏入水面。连一匹马的蹄背都没有沾湿,就像走在国王大道上一样到达了对岸,接着又遇到前面另一条大河。在那里没有另立别的真实誓言,就凭着同一个真实誓言,他们又越过了那条宽半由旬的河。然后他们到了第三条名叫旃陀跋伽的大河,也凭着同一个真实誓言越了过去。
Rājāpi amaccasahassena saddhiṃ gaṅgāya tīraṃ pāpuṇi. Tasmiñca samaye gaṅgā pūrā hoti. Atha naṃ disvā, ‘‘ayaṃ gaṅgā pūrā caṇḍamacchākiṇṇā, amhehi saddhiṃ āgatā dāsā vā manussā vā natthi, ye no nāvaṃ vā uḷumpaṃ vā katvā dadeyyuṃ, etassa pana satthu guṇā nāma heṭṭhā avīcito upari yāva bhavaggā patthaṭā, sace esa satthā sammāsambuddho, imesaṃ assānaṃ khurapiṭṭhāni mā tementū’’ti udakapiṭṭhena asse pakkhandāpesuṃ . Ekaassassāpi khurapiṭṭhamattaṃ na temi, rājamaggena gacchantā viya paratīraṃ patvā purato aññaṃ mahānadiṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Tattha aññā saccakiriyā natthi, tāya eva saccakiriyāya tampi aḍḍhayojanavitthāraṃ nadiṃ atikkamiṃsu. Atha tatiyaṃ candabhāgaṃ nāma mahānadiṃ patvā tampi tāya eva saccakiriyāya atikkamiṃsu.
那天清晨,世尊从大悲定中出定,观察世间,看见摩诃劫宾那今天将舍弃三百由旬的国土,带着一千位大臣随从来到我身边出家。他想:我应该去迎接他们。于是清晨整理好身体,在比丘僧团的围绕下进入舍卫城乞食。饭后乞食回来,他亲自拿起钵和衣,腾空而起。在旃陀跋伽河岸边,正对他们渡口的地方有一棵大榕树,世尊在那里结跏趺坐,在面前安立正念,放出六色佛光。他们从那个渡口上岸时,看见六色佛光在四周闪耀,又看见十力世尊如满月般庄严的面容,心想:我们就是为了这位导师才出家的,这一定就是他。一见之下便确信无疑,从看见的地方开始就弯腰礼敬,一路走上前来礼敬世尊。国王抱住世尊的脚踝行礼后,和一千位大臣一起坐在一边。世尊为他们说法。说法结束时,他们全都证得阿罗汉果,然后请求世尊允许他们出家。世尊知道他们以前曾布施衣料,所以各自带着自己的衣服而来,便伸出金色的手,说道:来吧,比丘们,法已善说,你们应当修习梵行,彻底终结一切苦。就在那时,这些尊者便获得了出家与具足戒,像六十腊的长老一样围绕在世尊身边。
Satthāpi taṃdivasaṃ paccūsasamaye mahākaruṇāsamāpattito vuṭṭhāya lokaṃ olokento ‘‘ajja mahākappino tiyojanasatikaṃ rajjaṃ pahāya amaccasahassaparivāro mama santike pabbajituṃ āgacchatī’’ti disvā, ‘‘mayā tesaṃ paccuggamanaṃ kātuṃ yutta’’nti pātova sarīrapaṭijagganaṃ katvā, bhikkhusaṅghaparivāro sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caritvā, pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto sayameva pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā, ākāse uppatitvā candabhāgāya nadiyā tīre tesaṃ uttaraṇatitthassa abhimukhe ṭhāne mahānigrodharukkho atthi, tattha pallaṅkena nisīditvā parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā chabbaṇṇabuddharasmiyo vissajjesi. Te tena titthena uttarantā ca chabbaṇṇabuddharasmiyo ito cito ca vidhāvantiyo olokentā dasabalassa puṇṇacandasassirikaṃ mukhaṃ disvā, ‘‘yaṃ satthāraṃ uddissa mayaṃ pabbajitā, addhā so eso’’ti dassaneneva niṭṭhaṃ gantvā diṭṭhaṭṭhānato paṭṭhāya onatā vandamānā āgamma satthāraṃ vandiṃsu. Rājā gopphakesu gahetvā satthāraṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi saddhiṃ amaccasahassena. Satthā tesaṃ dhammaṃ kathesi. Desanāpariyosāne sabbe arahatte patiṭṭhāya satthāraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu. Satthā ‘‘pubbe ime cīvaradānassa dinnattā attano cīvarāni gahetvāva āgatā’’ti suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ hatthaṃ pasāretvā, ‘‘etha bhikkhavo svākkhāto dhammo, caratha brahmacariyaṃ sammā dukkhassa antakiriyāyā’’ti āha. Sāva tesaṃ āyasmantānaṃ pabbajjā ca upasampadā ca ahosi, vassasaṭṭhikattherā viya satthāraṃ parivārayiṃsu.
阿诺贾王后也带着一千辆车乘,到了恒河岸边。她没看见为国王准备的船或木筏,就凭自己的聪明想:“国王一定是作了真实誓言才过去的。可那位导师不只是为了他们才出世的。如果那位导师真是正自觉者,愿我们的车不要沉进水里!”于是她驱车冲上水面。车轮的轮辋边缘连一点湿都没有。渡过第二条、第三条河时,也是凭着同一个真实誓言,一路渡过去,就在榕树下见到了导师。导师心想:“这些女人要是看见自己的丈夫,欲贪就会生起,障碍她们证得道果。我不能让这种事发生。”于是让她们彼此看不见。她们全都从渡口上岸,礼敬十力世尊后坐下。导师为她们说法。说法结束时,她们全都证得入流果,这时才互相看见。导师心想:“愿莲华色长老尼来。”长老尼来了以后,为她们全部剃度,带她们去了比丘尼的住处。导师则带着一千位比丘,从空中回到祇园。就是针对这件事,才有这样的说法:“摩诃劫宾那是证得神通力、位列八十位大弟子中的大长老。”
Anojāpi devī rathasahassaparivārā gaṅgātīraṃ patvā rañño atthāya ābhataṃ nāvaṃ vā uḷumpaṃ vā adisvā attano byattatāya cintesi – ‘‘rājā saccakiriyaṃ katvā gato bhavissati, so pana satthā na kevalaṃ tesaṃyeva atthāya nibbatto, sace so satthā sammāsambuddho, amhākaṃ rathā mā udake nimujjiṃsū’’ti udakapiṭṭhe rathe pakkhandāpesi. Rathānaṃ nemivaṭṭimattampi na temi. Dutiyatatiyanadīpi teneva saccakārena uttaramānāyeva nigrodharukkhamūle satthāraṃ addasa. Satthā ‘‘imāsaṃ attano sāmike passantīnaṃ chandarāgo uppajjitvā maggaphalānaṃ antarāyaṃ kareyya, so evaṃ kātuṃ na sakkhissatī’’ti yathā aññamaññe na passanti, tathā akāsi. Tā sabbāpi titthato uttaritvā dasabalaṃ vanditvā nisīdiṃsu. Satthā tāsaṃ dhammaṃ kathesi, desanāpariyosāne sabbāpi sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāya aññamaññe passiṃsu. Satthā ‘‘uppalavaṇṇā āgacchatū’’ti cintesi. Therī āgantvā sabbā pabbājetvā ādāya bhikkhunīnaṃ upassayaṃ gatā. Satthā bhikkhusahassaṃ gahetvā ākāsena jetavanaṃ agamāsi. Imaṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ – ‘‘mahākappinoti evaṃ nāmako abhiññābalappatto asītimahāsāvakānaṃ abbhantaro mahāthero’’ti.
“在所产生的当中”意思是“在已生起的事物中”。“依族姓而转的人”是指那些自称“我们是婆悉咤、乔达摩”,依族姓而转、自认族姓的人;在他们当中,刹帝利最为殊胜,这就是其含义。“明行具足”是指具足八种明,以及由十五种法所区分的行。“照耀”就是发光。“入禅的婆罗门照耀”是指漏尽的婆罗门以两种禅那入禅时,照耀、发光。而就在那一刻,迦卢陀夷长老正以两种禅那入禅,坐在不远处。“佛陀照耀”是指一切知佛陀照耀。据说这首偈其实是一首完整的吉祥偈。相传婆提迦王举办了一场供养后,对老师说:“请说一首不离三宝的胜利吉祥偈。”老师遍览三藏佛语,诵出这首偈颂。他诵到“白天太阳照耀”时,向正在下落的太阳合掌;诵到“夜晚月天子发光”时,向正在升起的月亮合掌;诵到“披甲的刹帝利照耀”时,向国王合掌;诵到“入禅的婆罗门照耀”时,向比丘僧团合掌;诵到“佛陀以威德照耀”时,向大塔合掌。于是国王说:“不要把手放下!”就在他手仍举着的时候,布施了一千。第十一。
Janetasminti janite pajāyāti attho. Ye gottapaṭisārinoti ye ‘‘mayaṃ vāseṭṭhā gotamā’’ti gottaṃ paṭisaranti paṭijānanti, tesaṃ khattiyo seṭṭhoti attho. Vijjācaraṇasampannoti aṭṭhahi vijjāhi ceva pannarasadhammabhedena caraṇena ca samannāgato. Tapatīti virocati. Jhāyī tapati brāhmaṇoti khīṇāsavabrāhmaṇo duvidhena jhānena jhāyamāno tapati virocati. Tasmiṃ pana khaṇe kāludāyitthero duvidhena jhānena jhāyamāno avidūre nisinno hoti. Buddho tapatīti sabbaññubuddho virocati. Sabbamaṅgalagāthā kiresā. Bhātikarājā kira ekaṃ pūjaṃ kāretvā ācariyakaṃ āha – ‘‘tīhi ratanehi amuttaṃ ekaṃ jayamaṅgalaṃ vadathā’’ti. So tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ sammasitvā imaṃ gāthaṃ vadanto ‘‘divā tapati ādicco’’ti vatvā atthaṅgamentassa sūriyassa añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. ‘‘Rattimābhāti candimā’’ti, uṭṭhahantassa candassa añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. ‘‘Sannaddho khattiyo tapatī’’ti rañño añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. ‘‘Jhāyī tapati brāhmaṇo’’ti bhikkhusaṅghassa añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. ‘‘Buddho tapati tejasā’’ti vatvā pana mahācetiyassa añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. Atha naṃ rājā ‘‘mā hatthaṃ otārehī’’ti ukkhittasmiṃyeva hatthe sahassaṃ ṭhapesi. Ekādasamaṃ.
第十二篇《同伴经》的注释
12. Sahāyakasuttavaṇṇanā
246246. 第十二首偈颂:“长久以来一直相会”——意思是经过漫长岁月彼此交往、结合而安住的人。据说他们在五百生中都一直同行共处。“他们的正法相契合”——如今,这个教法正与这些人相契合、相会合。“于佛陀所宣说的法中”——在佛陀所宣说的法当中,这些人的教法显得庄严美好,这就是其含义。“由劫宾那善加调伏”——他们被自己的亲教师劫宾那,在圣者所宣说的法中善加调伏。其余各处都浅显易懂。第十二。
246. Dvādasame cirarattaṃsametikāti dīgharattaṃ saṃsanditvā sametvā ṭhitaladdhino. Te kira pañcajātisatāni ekatova vicariṃsu. Sameti nesaṃ saddhammoti idāni imesaṃ ayaṃ sāsanadhammo saṃsandati sameti. Dhamme buddhappavediteti buddhena pavedite dhamme etesaṃ sāsanadhammo sobhatīti attho. Suvinītā kappinenāti attano upajjhāyena ariyappavedite dhamme suṭṭhu vinītā. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānamevāti. Dvādasamaṃ.