第八 鹏耆舍相应巴利
8. Vaṅgīsasaṃyuttaṃ
《出离经》的注释巴利
1. Nikkhantasuttavaṇṇanā
209 209.“阿罗毗”指阿罗毗城附近。“最胜塔庙”指在乔达摩塔等塔庙中最殊胜的塔庙。据说这座塔庙因为地势优美、令人愉悦,又具备适合精勤修行等种种优越条件,所以被公认为比其他塔庙更殊胜。“劫长老”指名为“劫”的族姓出身的这位长老,在那一千位古编发修行者当中,他就是那位大长老。“留守者”指长老们进村托钵时,他独自留在精舍里。这里说明原因,所以说“精舍守护者”等。“平整地庄严后”指把地面弄平之后,用装饰把它完全庄严起来。“破坏善心”指不给善心生起的机会,从而把它破坏掉。“于此”指当这贪欲生起时。也有一种读法是“于一处”,意思是在不相应的对象上生起贪欲时。“或者法”指除了在自己心中生起的那个法之外的其他法。因为什么原因,别人能驱除不乐,当下就生起喜悦呢?那样的原因从哪里能得到呢?这样连接起来,意思就是:那种原因根本不存在,这句话正是在说明它不存在的原因。巴利
209.Āḷaviyanti āḷavinagarasamīpe. Aggacetiyeti gotamakacetiyādīhi uttamacetiye. Taṃ kira bhūmirāmaṇeyyakabhāvena manuññatāya padhānayuttatādisampattiyā ca itaracetiyehi seṭṭhasammataṃ. Kappattherenāti ‘‘kappo’’ti gottato āgatanāmo thero, sahassapurāṇajaṭilānaṃ abbhantare ayaṃ mahāthero. Ohīnakoti theresu gāmaṃ piṇḍāya paviṭṭhesu vihāre eva avahīnako ṭhito. Tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘vihārapālo’’tiādi. Samalaṅkaritvāti samaṃ alaṅkārena alaṅkaritvā. Kusalacittaṃ viddhaṃseti pavattituṃ appadānavasena. Etasminti etasmiṃ rāge uppanne. ‘‘Ekasmi’’nti vā pāṭho, ekasmiṃ visabhāgavatthuke rāge uppanne. Dhammo vāti mama citte uppajjanakato añño dhammo vā. Yena kāraṇena paro anabhiratiṃ vinodetvā idāneva abhiratiṃ uppādeyya, taṃ kāraṇaṃ kuto labbhāti yojanā, taṃ kāraṇaṃ natthīti attho, tassa abhāvakāraṇavacanaṃ.
“出家”是指因为离开家而成为无家者,也就是出家修行。在这个词里,由于它和“无家”相关,把 ka 音变成 ya 音,就成了 anagāriya,意思是已经出家的人。“冲过来”是指压住心脏之后狂奔。“高贵的”是指尊贵者的儿子。因此说“具大威力的刹帝利出身者”。“最高标准”是指一千巴拉。“从四周”是指从四面八方。“能够围射”是指能够射穿。从这一千之数来说,就是比前面所说的上千名弓箭手还要多出许多,不止几千。女人们射出瞻视、微笑、说话、啼哭之箭。她们既不能动摇我,也不能烧灼我。对于“烧灼我”这一读法,有人说“意思是不能动摇我”。于法一起是指安立在自己面前的教法。因此说“驱除不乐”等。巴利
Anagāriyanti agāravirahato anagāraṃ pabbajjā. Tattha niyuttattā anagāriyaṃ ka-kārassa ya-kāraṃ katvā, pabbajitanti attho. Ādhāvantīti hadayaṃ abhibhavitvā dhāvanti. Uggatānanti uḷārānaṃ puttā. Tenāha ‘‘mahesakkhā rājaññabhūtā’’ti. Uttamappamāṇanti sahassapalaṃ samantāti samantato. Parikireyyunti vijjheyyuṃ. Etasmā sahassāti yathāvuttā dhanuggahasahassato. Atirekatarā anekasahassā. Itthiyo olokanasitalapitaroditasare khipantiyo. Neva maṃ byādhayissanti neva maṃ nijjhāyissanti. ‘‘Byādhayissatī’’ti pāṭhoti vuttaṃ ‘‘cāletuṃ na sakkhissatīti attho’’ti. Dhamme samhīti sake santike patiṭṭhite sāsanadhamme. Tenāha ‘‘anabhiratiṃvinodetvā’’tiādi.
应当说“maggo”(道)的地方,因为词性颠倒而说成了“magga”。所以经文说“它确实是涅槃之前分之道”。巴利
Magganti ‘‘maggo’’ti vattabbe liṅgavipallāsena vuttaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘so hi nibbānassa pubbabhāgamagggo’’ti.
第二 不乐经的注释巴利
2. Aratisuttavaṇṇanā
210 这位长老因为看重住处,所以没空去教导自己的共住弟子鹏耆舍。这里要说明的是,贪欲时不时地扰乱他的心。对教法不乐,就是对圆满戒行以及修习止观都不感兴趣。在欲乐中感到快乐,就是在五种欲的境界里觉得有滋味。恶思惟,就是欲的念头。以一切方式,就是用彼分断、镇伏断和彻底断等所有方式。就像大片森林被称为稠林一样,厚重的烦恼丛林也被称为稠林。巴利
210.Vihāragarukokiresa theroti etena thero attano saddhivihārikaṃ vaṅgīsaṃ ovadituṃ anavasaro. Tena antarantarā tassa cittaṃ rāgo anuddhaṃsetīti dasseti. Sāsane aratinti sīlaparipūraṇe samathavipassanābhāvanāya ca anabhiratiṃ. Kāmaguṇesu ca ratinti pañcasu kāmakoṭṭhāsesu assādaṃ. Pāpavitakkanti kāmasaṅkappaṃ. Sabbākārenāti sabbe tadaṅgavikkhambhanasamucchindanākārena. Yathā mahantaṃ araññaṃ vanathanti, evaṃ mahantaṃ kilesavanaṃ ‘‘vanatha’’nti vuttaṃ.
“地”和“虚空”这两个词,在这里是用依格来表达“地”这个意思,所以整句的意思是“在地上和在空中”。因此论中说“立于地”等等。“地面”也是“地”的另一种说法,所以说“在地中的”。“完全老去”意思是彻底达到衰老。“集合后”意思是用智慧去接触、认知之后。所以说“被理解的自体,即已经了知的个体”。巴利
Pathaviñca vehāsanti bhummatthe paccattavacanaṃ, tasmā pathaviyaṃ ākāse cāti attho. Tenāha ‘‘pathaviṭṭhita’’ntiādi. Jagatīti ca pathaviyā vevacanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘antopathaviya’’nti. Parijīratīti sabbbaso jaraṃ pāpuṇāti. Samāgantvāti ñāṇena samāgantvāti attho. Tenāha ‘‘mutattāti viññātattabhāvā’’ti.
以“有对”这个词,香和味也被包含在内,因为它们是依靠撞击鼻和舌才生起的。以“所触”这个词,触所缘也被包含在内,因为要接触之后才能执取。不被染污,就是不被沾污。巴利
Paṭighapadena gandharasā gahitā ghānajivhānaṃ paṭihananavasena pavattanato. Mutapadena phoṭṭhabbārammaṇaṃ gahitaṃ mutvā gahetabbato. Na lippatīti na makkhīyati.
“六十”这个词和“六”意思相同,所以“以六十为依处”这句话,意思是“以六种所缘为依处”。众多非正法的寻思,是指依色寻等而起的许多各种寻思,也就是邪思惟。“住于人群中”,是指立足于大众之中。“依他们之力”,是指依那些邪寻思之力。不在任何所缘上。“堕入烦恼众者”,是指加入了烦恼的群聚,这是不应该发生的,意思是说不应让烦恼寻思生起。“粗恶语”,是指与欲相关的谈论。巴利
Saṭṭhi-saddo cha-saddena samānatthoti ‘‘saṭṭhinissitā’’ti padassa ‘‘chaārammaṇanissitā’’ti attho vutto. Puthū adhammavitakkāti rūpavitakkādivasena bahū nānāvitakkā micchāsaṅkappā. Janatāya niviṭṭhāti mahājane patiṭṭhitā. Tesaṃ vasenāti tesampi micchāvitakkānaṃ vasena. Na katthaci ārammaṇe. Kilesavaggagatoti kilesasaṅgaṇikaṃ upagato na bhaveyya, kilesavitakkā na uppādetabbāti attho. Duṭṭhullavacanaṃ kāmapaṭisaṃyuttakathā.
本性贤善,是指形貌贤善。以善巧,是指以娴熟善巧。缘于涅槃,是指以无为界为所缘而缘取。般涅槃时,是指无余涅槃之时。巴利
Dabbajātikoti dabbarūpo. Nepakkenāti kosallena. Nibbānaṃ paṭiccāti asaṅkhatadhātuṃ ārammaṇavasena paṭicca. Parinibbānakālanti anupādisesanibbānakālaṃ.
第三《善德经》注释巴利
3. Pesalasuttavaṇṇanā
211 “这些”:指这些长老。巴利圣典没有现前,因为他们不够熟练。而“巴利不现前”是说:即使有一部巴利,他们对巴利的转起也没有这样那样的现前,所以说巴利不现前。对于注释,这里也是同样的道理。不忘失对松、紧等各别音节的分辨而持诵,这就是字句音节的甘美。“超越而认为”:指超越其他比丘,以轻蔑之力胜伏他们,凭辩才善说而赞叹自己、抬高自己。由于慢的现行,与其俱生、依止等缘法共存。以慢之力而成为后悔者。“莫成”是连接词。“称赞之语”:指对他人功德所作的称赞。“无荒芜者”:即断除五种心荒芜。“无余之九种者”:即对九种慢毫无一分遗余。“以智者”:指以最上道智。因极尽寂止而寂止,故为“寂止者”。巴利
211.Etesanti etesaṃ mahallakānaṃ. Na pāḷi āgacchati appaguṇabhāvato. Na ca pāḷi upaṭṭhāti, ekāya pāḷiyā sati pāḷigatiyā tathā tathā upaṭṭhānampi nesaṃ natthīti vadati. Na aṭṭhakathāti etthāpi eseva nayo. Sithiladhanitāditaṃtaṃbyañjanabuddhiṃ ahāpetvā uccāraṇaṃ padabyañjanamadhuratā. Atikkamitvā maññati aññe bhikkhū. Hīḷanavasena abhibhavitvā paṭibhānasutena attānaṃ pasaṃsati sambhāveti. Mānassa pavattitāya sahajātanissayādipaccayadhammā taṃsahabhudhammā. Mānavasena vippaṭisārī ahuvā. Mā ahosīti yojanā. Vaṇṇabhaṇananti parehi kiriyamānaṃ guṇābhitthavaṃ. Akhiloti pañcacetokhilarahito. Nissesaṃ navavidhanti navavidhampi mānaṃ kassaci ekadesassapi asesato. Vijjāyāti aggamaggavijjāya. Accantameva samitatāya vūpasamitatāya samitāvī.
4. 《阿难经》的注释巴利
4. Ānandasuttavaṇṇanā
212 这里“贪”是指:为了说明尊者鹏耆舍生起贪的原因,所以说了“具寿阿难”等话。“彼”指阿难长老。“摄持所缘”:就是把身体、感受等各类所缘作为念的所行境,从不净、苦等角度,或者从色等六种所缘中一一地,以无常、苦等角度来摄持、限定、了知。“女人色所缘”:指女人相续中的色法自性,以此为所缘。巴利
212.Rāgoti ettha āyasmato vaṅgīsassa rāgassa uppattiyā kāraṇaṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘āyasmā ānando’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tanti ānandattheraṃ. Ārammaṇaṃ pariggahetunti kāyavedanādibhedaṃ ārammaṇaṃ satigocaraṃ. Asubhadukkhādito, rūpādiekekameva vā chaḷārammaṇaṃ aniccadukkhādito pariggaṇhituṃ paricchijja jānituṃ. Itthirūpārammaṇeti itthisantāne rūpasabhāve ārammaṇe.
“熄灭”:靠它来熄灭,所以叫熄灭。“因为颠倒”:以在不净中执取“净”的颠倒为根本原因。“贪欲的依处”:是贪欲生起的原因。“可爱的所缘”:就是净妙的所缘。这里以可爱的所缘为首,说明要在那上面执取可爱的相,这是应当避免的。“从他”:是不由自主的意思,也就是从别的什么而来。诸行虽然被希望“不要坏灭”,却仍然坏灭,所以它们不由自主,就叫作“他”;而且,由于见到无常,它们的“他性”就变得明显,因此说“以他而观,就是以无常而观”。当然,观并不舍弃行的相,因为观是依诸行而生起的;不过,为了说明不执取哪些相才叫作无相,才说了“常等之相”等等。以见自相和共相来观,这是慢的见现观;以观来断,这是断现观。有人说是“以道”,但确切地说,是以道无迷乱,从遍知通达的角度叫见现观,从断除通达的角度叫断现观。“由于贪欲等止息”:因为贪等通过断除而止息,通过平息而止息,所以是寂静的状态。巴利
Nibbāpananti nibbāpayati etenāti nibbāpanaṃ. Vipallāsenāti asubhe ‘‘subha’’nti vipallāsabhāvahetu. Rāgaṭṭhāniyanti rāguppattihetu. Iṭṭhārammaṇanti subhārammaṇaṃ. Ettha ca iṭṭhārammaṇasīsena tattha iṭṭhākāraggahaṇaṃ vadati. Tañhi vajjanīyaṃ. Paratoti avasavattanatthena aññato. Saṅkhārā hi ‘‘mā bhijjantū’’ti icchitāpi bhijjanteva, tasmā te avasavattittā paro nāma, sā ca nesaṃ paratā aniccadassanena pākaṭā hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘parato passāti aniccato passā’’ti. Kāmaṃ vipassanā saṅkhāranimittaṃ na pariccajati saṅkhāre ārabbha vattanato, yesaṃ pana nimittānaṃ aggahaṇena animittāti gahituṃ arahati, taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘niccādīnaṃ nimittāna’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Salakkhaṇa-sāmaññalakkhaṇa-dassanavasena mānassa dassanābhisamayo, vipassanāya pahānābhisamayo. ‘‘Maggenā’’ti vadanti, maggeneva pana asammohato pariññāpaṭivedhavasena dassanābhisamayo, pahānapaṭivedhavasena pahānābhisamayo. Rāgādisantatāyāti rāgādīnaṃ samucchedavasena paṭippassaddhivasena vūpasametabbato santabhāvena.
第5篇《善说经》的注释巴利
5. Subhāsitasuttavaṇṇanā
213 213. 被称为“支”的,是因为它们以因、来源或部分的方式被认知,所以是因,也是部分。因此注释中说:“以支”,就是“以因”、“以部分”。诸远离因为是善说语之前就已安立的基础,所以不妄语等远离就是它的殊胜因,因此说“不妄语……诸因”。由于圣者的言说特别以思为体性,所以实语等四者是语清净聚的组成部分,因此说“实语等四个部分”。“具足”一词是表因的从格,所以解释为“正随顺而来、已转起”。因为语确实是依靠那些远离而正随顺地生起、转起的,所以说“具足”。“相应”一词是表俱起关系的具格,所以解释为“已相应”。即使是俱生的思,也因为是依托所持受的远离而正随顺地相应,所以可以称为“已相应”。巴利
213. Aṅgīyanti hetubhāvena āgamabhāvena avayavabhāvena vā ñāyantīti aṅgāni, kāraṇāni, avayavā vāti āha ‘‘aṅgehīti kāraṇehi, avayavehi vā’’ti. Viratiyo subhāsitavācāya pubbaṃ patiṭṭhitā hontīti musāvādāveramaṇiādayo tassā visesahetūti āha ‘‘musāvādā…pe… kāraṇānī’’ti. Yasmā ariyavohārā visesato cetanāsabhāvā, tasmā vacīsucaritasamudāyassa saccavācādayo aṅgabhūtāti āha ‘‘saccavacanādayo cattāro avayavā’’ti. Nissakkavacananti hetumhi nissakkavacanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘samanuāgatā pavattā’’ti. Vācā hi tāya viratiyā sammā anurūpato āgatā pavattāti ‘‘samannāgatā’’ti vuccati. Karaṇavacananti sahayoge karaṇavacanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘yuttā’’ti. Sahajātāpi hi cetanā yathāsamādinnāya viratiyā sammā anurūpato yuttāti vattuṃ arahati.
“交谈语”是指发出声音的言语,这就叫作“语”。另外,通过它来表达的,也叫作“语”,同样地,远离和思也叫做“语”。但这里指的不是这些,也就是说,在这部经中,通过“是善说”这样的说法,并不是指思语和表语。因此说“从不可说性”。所谓“善说”,就是正确地宣说,因为具备语清净的本质。“带来义利”,是针对适时带来利益而说的。“因清净”,是通过如理作意而达到因的清净。“无过失”,就是没有趣向非道等过失。因为离开贪欲、瞋恚等的言语,脱离了随顺和违逆,所以其趣向非道已经被彻底断除。“无随责”,就是远离指责。这显示出一切方面的圆满成就,因为如果不具备一切圆满,就还有可被指责的地方。巴利
Samullapanavācāti saddavācā, sā vuccatīti vācā nāma. Viññatti pana vuccati etāyāti vācā nāma, tathā virati cetanāvācā. Na sā idha adhippetāti sā cetanāvācā viññattivācā viya idha imasmiṃ sutte na adhippetā ‘‘subhāsitā hotī’’ti vacanato. Tenāha ‘‘abhāsitabbato’’ti. Suṭṭhu bhāsitāti sammā ñāyena bhāsitā vacīsucaritabhāvato. Atthāvahatanti hitāvahakālaṃ pati āha. Kāraṇasuddhinti yonisomanasikārena kāraṇavisuddhiṃ. Dosābhāvanti agatigamanādidosābhāvaṃ. Rāgadosādivinimuttañhi taṃ bhāsato anurodhavirodhavivajjanato agatigamanaṃ dūrasamugghāṭitamevāti. Anuvādavimuttāti apavādavirahitā. Sabbākārasampattiṃ dīpeti, asati hi sabbākārasampatiyaṃ anuvajjatāpi.
虽然先前已经开始了以法为立足点的开示,但根据个人的意乐,又转而以人为立足点来说……这是所说的话。这里虽然笼统地说“某种无罪语”,但通过“唯说正法”等表述,因为说的是远离非法、过失等的语言,所以这里指的也是善说。“唯善说”这个限定,是用“非恶说”来显示它所遮止的具体样貌。因此说“就是遮止与那个语支相反的说法”。因为“唯”这个词是用来排除对立面的,所以由此显示了离间语的遮止。或者说,用“善说”这个词涵盖了四种语善行,所以说“用‘非恶说’表明断除邪语”。因为“善说”是一切语善行共通的表述。因此应当看到,菩萨涉及分化他人等以及不净等的言语,也不落入离间语等的范畴。“应说之语的特征”:显示应说之语的自身特征——这样连接理解。如果这样的话,那岂不是应该先说不可说的,后说应说的吗?就像“舍左取右”那样,因此说“然而为了支的分明”等等。巴利
Kiñcāpi pubbe dhammādhiṭṭhānā desanā āraddhā, puggalajjhāsayato pana puggalādhiṭṭhānāya…pe… vacanametaṃ. Kāmañcettha ‘‘aññataraniddosavacana’’nti avisesato vuttaṃ, ‘‘dhammaṃyeva bhāsatī’’tiādinā pana adhammadosādirahitāya vācāya vuccamānattā idhāpi subhāsitā vācā adhippetāti. ‘‘Subhāsitaṃyevā’’ti avadhāraṇena nivattitaṃ sarūpato dasseti ‘‘no dubbhāsita’’nti iminā. Tenāha ‘‘tasseva vācaṅgassa paṭipakkhabhāsananivāraṇa’’nti. Paṭiyogīnivattanattho hi eva-saddo, tena pisuṇavācāpaṭikkhepo dassito. ‘‘Subhāsita’’nti vā iminā catubbidhaṃ vacīsucaritaṃ gahitanti ‘‘no dubbhāsitanti iminā micchāvācappahānaṃ dīpetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Sabbavacīsucaritasādhāraṇavacanañhi subhāsitanti. Tena parabhedanādikaṃ asabbhādikañca bodhisattānaṃ vacanaṃ apisuṇādivisayanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Bhāsitabbavacanalakkhaṇanti bhāsitabbassa vacanassa sabhāvalakkhaṇaṃ dīpetīti ānetvā sambandho. Yadi evaṃ nanu abhāsitabbaṃ paṭhamaṃ vatvā bhāsitabbaṃ pacchā vattabbaṃ yathā ‘‘vāmaṃ muñca, dakkhiṇaṃ gaṇhā’’ti āha ‘‘aṅgaparidīpanatthaṃ panā’’tiādi.
“第一”是指“善说”这个词。“不背离法”:不背离能给自己和他人带来利益与安乐的法。“智者之语”:应当由智慧推动而说出的语言。因为有智慧的人不说杂乱无章的话,也不说没有意义的话。“其他两种”:指第三句和第四句。有人说:“‘以这些……’等,是在表示工具格,但这里用作宾格。”“那句话”:就是前面所说的具备四种支分的语言。“凡所认为的语言”:这是连接语。“其他”:指外道的推理者和咬文嚼字的人。他们说:“宗、因、喻、合、结是语句的支分。”“名等”:指名和动词等词。性,即女性性等;语,即单数等。第一等,即格;过去等,即时。作者、与格、从格、工具格、依格、业,以及所作。具足与格等者:是说将这些支分等圆满之后而说。他遮止那:世尊说“以这些……”时,遮止那如前所说的特殊语言。此中“kho”一词是决定之义。因此说“支分等”等。任何种类的非同类语言之相。那是蛮语。以僧伽罗语:以含于僧伽罗语的语句。证得阿罗汉果:在轮回中极度生起悚惧,心倾向于出离,令观增长,依道次第而证得阿罗汉果。巴利
Paṭhamenāti ‘‘subhāsita’’nti padena. Dhammato anapetanti attano paresañca hitasukhāvahadhammato anapetaṃ. Mantāvacananti mantāya pavattetabbavacanaṃ. Paññavā avikiṇṇavāco hi na ca anatthāvahaṃ vācaṃ bhāsati. Itarehi dvīhīti tatiyacatutthapadehi. ‘‘Imehi khotiādīnīti karaṇe etaṃ upayogavacana’’nti keci. Taṃ vācanti yathāvuttaṃ caturaṅgikaṃ. Yañca vācaṃ maññantīti sambandho. Aññeti ito bāhirakā ñāyavādino akkharacintakā ca. ‘‘Paṭiññāhetuudāharaṇūpanayanigamanāni avayavā vākyassā’’ti vadanti. Nāmādīhīti nāmākhyātapadehi. Liṅgaṃ itthiliṅgādi vacanaṃ ekavacanādi. Paṭhamādi vibhatti atītādi kālaṃ. Kattā sampadānaṃ apādānaṃ karaṇaṃ adhikaraṇaṃ kammañca kārakaṃ. Sampattīhi samannāgatanti ete avayavādike sampādetvā vuttaṃ. Taṃ paṭisedhetīti taṃ yathāvuttavisesampi vācaṃ ‘‘imehi kho’’ti vadanto bhagavā paṭisedheti. Kho-saddo hettha avadhāraṇattho. Tenāha ‘‘avayavādī’’tiādi. Yā kāci asabhāvaniruttilakkhaṇā. Sā milakkhubhāsā. Sīhaḷakenevāti sīhaḷabhāsāya pariyāpannena vacanena. Arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsūti saṃsāre ativiya sañjātasaṃvegā tannissaraṇe ninnapoṇamānasā hutvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā maggapaṭipāṭiyā arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu.
清晨绽放的红睡莲,就是清晨盛开的红莲花。所谓“裂开”,就是正在裂开、正在破出。所谓“获得人身”,就是已经得到了人的生命状态。巴利
Pātova phullitakokanadanti pātova saṃphullapadumaṃ. Bhijjiyateti nibbhijjiyati nibbhiggo jāyati. Manussattaṃ gatāti manussattabhāvaṃ upagatā.
“在佛陀之间”是指两次佛陀出世之间的间隔。因为那时候,是独觉佛的教法在显现,而不是佛陀的教法在显现。巴利
Buddhantareti buddhuppādantare dvinnaṃ buddhuppādānaṃ antarā. Tadā hi paccekabuddhānaṃ sāsane, na buddhasāsane dippamāne.
被衰老碾碎:就像手脚等肢体变得松弛,眼等诸根再也没有能力执取外境,青春完全消逝,体力已经失去,念、慧、精进等也已远离,从前听从自己教导的妻儿等也变成轻视自己的人,还得靠别人扶起、安置躺卧,又再度回到幼稚的状态——就是这样,被衰老彻底碾碎。“此”说的是身体。依托于干枯的皮肉:因为衰老而血肉极少,所以依止于枯槁、青春已逝的状态。为食之饵:作为食物的饵,就像被死魔吞下后放置在那里一样。充满了头发、体毛等各种不净之物。正因如此,这是不净的容器。因为在一切方面都毫无坚实,所以如同芭蕉树干。巴利
Jarāya parimadditanti yathā hatthacaraṇādiaṅgāni sithilāni honti, cakkhādīni indriyāni savisayaggahaṇe asamatthāni honti, yobbanaṃ sabbaso vigataṃ, kāyabalaṃ apagataṃ, satimatidhitiādayo vippayuttā, pubbe attano ovādapaṭikarā puttadārādayopi apasādakā, parehi vuṭṭhāpanīyasaṃvesanīyatā punadeva bālabhāvappatti ca honti, evaṃ jarāya sabbaso vimadditaṃ. Etanti sarīraṃ vadati. Milātachavicammanissitanti jiṇṇabhāvena appamaṃsalohitattā milātehi gatayobbanehi dhammehi sannissitaṃ. Ghāsamāmisanti ghāsabhūtaṃ āmisaṃ maccunā gilitvā viya patiṭṭhapetabbato. Kesalomādinānākuṇapapūritaṃ. Tato eva asucibhājanaṃ etaṃ. Sabbathāpi nissāratāya kadalikkhandhasamaṃ.
与正等正觉者相称的,就是“合宜的”。不令热恼,就是不让心和身热恼。这里的热恼,指的是现在和未来的沮丧。“不逼迫”是为了显示“不征服”这个词的含义。以离间语灭尽来说,就是由于彻底断除了离间语的状态。“诸恶”就是低劣的、卑鄙的。因此说“不可爱的”等等。“不执取”就是不去执取。巴利
Anucchavikāhīti sammāsambuddhassa anurūpāhi. Na tāpeyyāti cittañca kāyañca na tāpeyya. Tāpanā cettha sampati āyati ca visādanā. Na bādheyyāti ‘‘nābhibhaveyyā’’ti padassa atthadassanaṃ. Apisuṇavācāvasenāti sabbaso pahīnapisuṇavācatāvasena. Pāpānīti lāmakāni nikiṭṭhakāni. Tenāha ‘‘appiyānī’’tiādi. Anādāyāti aggahetvā.
“以善性”是指没有过失、柔和甘美的性质。“似不死”是因为相似而这样称呼;或者这是把结果的说法用在原因上,所以他说“或者是因为作为涅槃不死的缘”。因为依靠缘的力量,那时才生起这样的见解。“行”就是实行。“古昔者”是指最初劫的人,或者是指佛陀等圣者。巴利
Sādhubhāvenāti niddosamadhurabhāvena. Amatasadisāti sadise tabbohāroti, kāraṇe vāyaṃ kāriyavohāroti āha ‘‘nibbānāmatapaccayattā vā’’ti. Paccayavasena hi sā tadā dassanappavatti. Cariyāti cārittaṃ. Porāṇā nāma paṭhamakappikā, buddhādayo vā ariyā.
“住立”是指以不动摇的方式站稳,因为依赖诸缘而不会落空。世尊从两方面说明修行:“在自己的利益和他人的利益中住立。”正因为住立于现世利益、来世利益等利益之中,所以也就住立于不害等法之中。通过“不伤害”这个词,表明这里的“利益”一词就是“利益”的同义词。“法的”:不脱离法,或者与利益和法相关联。巴利
Patiṭṭhitāti niccalabhāvena aṭṭhiṃ katvā paccayāyattabhāvato avisaṃvādanakā. Ubhayathā paṭipattiṃ āha ‘‘attano ca paresañca atthe patiṭṭhitā’’ti. Atthe diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikādihite patiṭṭhitattā eva dhamme avihiṃsādidhamme patiṭṭhitā. Anuparodhakaranti etena hitapariyāyoyaṃ attha-saddoti dasseti. Dhammikanti dhammato anapetaṃ, atthadhammūpasaṃhitaṃ vā.
为了证得涅槃,就是为了达到涅槃这个目的。为了灭尽苦,就是为了让苦彻底结束。因为佛陀是为了安稳而说法,而安稳就是产生安稳的因,所以那番话是一切言语中最殊胜的。这里的意思应当这样理解。“以具足无过失之辞”的意思是:以远离一切过失的方式。巴利
Nibbānappattiyāti nibbānappattiyatthaṃ. Dukkhassa antakiriyāya antakaraṇatthaṃ. Yasmā buddho khemāya bhāsati, tasmā khemuppattihetuyā khemā, tasmā sā sabbavācānaṃ uttamāti evampettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Mantāvacanavasenāti sabbadosarahitavasena.
第6篇 舍利弗经的注释巴利
6. Sāriputtasuttavaṇṇanā
214 214. 因为言语善巧,那些言语功德的因由得以圆满;由于圆满而存在,所以称为“porī”(充满),即由这种充满。因此说“以音节等圆满”。“不混乱的”:指不被胆汁等所混乱、不受困扰。因此说“无障碍的”等。“无过失的”:指在意义和文句上都远离了过失。“无脱落字句的”:指音节和语句没有脱落,能够让人明了意义,即足以开示现法利益等义。“比丘”一词是为了适应偈颂而缩短说的。巴利
214. Vākkaraṇacāturiyato vacanaguṇahetūnaṃ pūriyā pūre bhavāti porī, tāya poriyā. Tenāha ‘‘akkharādiparipuṇṇāyā’’ti. Avibaddhāyāti pittādīhi na vibaddhāya anupaddutāya. Tenāha ‘‘apalibuddhāyā’’tiādi. Niddosāyāti atthato byañjanato vigatadosāya. Akkhalitapadabyañjanāyāti agalitapadabyañjanāya, atthassa viññāpaniyāti diṭṭhadhammikādiatthassa bodhane pariyattāya. Bhikkhunanti gāthāsukhatthaṃ rassaṃ katvā vuttaṃ.
“以简略的方式开示,也以详尽的方式宣说”这句话,并不是指先简略地标举出来、然后再以解释其义的方式所展开的那段话。因为那种宣说本身就是详尽的开示。然而,有时候说法者会随顺受法者的意乐,仅仅简略地显示之后就结束;有时候则以详尽的方式来说。这句话是就这两种情况而说的。因此说“这四种”等等。为了显示“本性上甘甜,而依于助缘则更为甘甜”,所以说了“如同”等等。能以种种方式说法,就称为“辩才”,也就是说法方式之智。因此说“从大海”等等。“轻视”:是以轻蔑的方式使之消失。巴利
‘‘Saṃkhittenapi deseti, vitthārenapi bhāsatī’’ti nayidaṃ paṭhamaṃ uddisitvā tassa atthassa kittanavasena pavattitaṃ vacanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Sā hi vitthāradesanā eva hoti. Yā pana desanā kadāci dhammapaṭiggāhakānaṃ ajjhāsayavasena saṃkhitteneva dassetvā nikkhipati, yā ca kadāci vitthārena, tadubhayaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘cattārimānī’’tiādi. Sabhāvamadhuro paccayavasena madhurataro hotīti dassetuṃ ‘‘yathā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Vividhākāraṃ katvā dhammaṃ kathetuṃ paṭibhātīti paṭibhānaṃ, desanāpakārañāṇaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘samuddato’’tiādi. Odahantīti avajānanavasena gamenti.
第7篇《自恣经》的注释巴利
7. Pavāraṇāsuttavaṇṇanā
215 215.“在那时”,是指“在那一天”,所以他说“在那一天”。“通过断食”,是指完全不吃任何食物。应当这样理解:具足佛教戒律,或者具足外道的断食。“或”这个字,也把饮乳、喝蜜汁等包含在内。以种种方式——比如以见等——遮止,令人忆念身业等,令人呵责,借此而作的,就是“自恣”,也就是为了清净修行、为了各自清净自己的过失而给予机会。因为大多数情况下,这是雨安居结束后应当做的清净告白,所以说“雨安居竟自恣”。“清净自恣”也是它的名称。那时,为了显示比丘僧团沉默无余的功德,经中说“沉默”,因此说“无论从何处……中略……不存在”。“手之掉举”,是指对手的不约束、不正知的造作,即手之掉举。同样应知“足之掉举”。“或”字含有未说出的分别义,借此显示除此之外的事物不存在,应这样看待。巴利
215.Tasmiṃ ahūti tasmiṃ ahanīti āha ‘‘tasmiṃ divase’’ti. Anasanenāti sabbaso āhārassa abhuñjanena. Sāsanikasīlena bāhirakaanasanena vā upetā hutvāti yojanā. Vā-saddena khīrapānamadhusāyanādīnipi saṅgaṇhāti. Pakārehi diṭṭhādīhi vāreti kāyakammādike sarāpeti gārayhe karoti etāyāti pavāraṇā, paṭipattivisodhanāya attano attano vajjasodhanāya okāsadānaṃ. Yasmā yebhuyyena vassaṃvuṭṭhehi kātabbā esā visuddhidesanā, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘vassaṃvuṭṭhapavāraṇāya. Visuddhipavāraṇātipi etissāva nāma’’nti. Tadā tassa bhikkhusaṅghassa tuṇhībhāvassa anavasesatāyapi vaṇṇaṃ dassetuṃ pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘tuṇhībhūta’’nti vuttanti āha ‘‘yato yato…pe…natthī’’ti. Hatthassa kukkuccatā asaṃyamo asampajaññakiriyā hatthakukkuccaṃ. Tathā pādakukkuccaṃ veditabbaṃ, vā-saddo avuttavikappattho, tena tadaññesamabhāvo vibhāvitoti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
“以五种净物”是指以五种颜色的净物。“舍”的意思是随自己的意愿而舍弃造作。在“询问”这个意思上,是用遮止的方式来表达询问,其中“na”这个否定词的意思是:你们不要呵责我的任何身行或语行,那你们究竟呵责什么呢?是身和语吗?这就是它的意思。有些人说“仅以门”,是用“门”作为代表,来说依门而现行的行为。因为清净自恣是所希求的,所以被自恣的人由此可知是清净的;那么没有被自恣的人,难道就不清净吗?某个凡夫或许会产生这样的疑惑。为了遮止这种疑惑,所以说“并非因为不清净”。意门是清净的,因为造作不净的随烦恼已经被远离了。“现在”是指如今这个佛陀住世的时代。“在此”是指在意门的清净这一点上。巴利
Pañcapasādehīti pañcavaṇṇehi pasādehi. Vossaggattho yathāruci kiriyāya vossajjanaṃ. Pucchanattheti paṭikkhepamukheneva pucchanatthe nakāro, me kiñci kiriyaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā na garahatha, kiṃ nu garahatha kāyavācāhīti attho. Keci ‘‘dvārānevā’’ti dvārasīsena dvārappavattacariyaṃ vadanti. Visuddhipavāraṇāya adhippetattā yena pavāritaṃ, teneva visuddhīti ñāyati, yena na pavāritaṃ. Kiṃ nu taṃ avisuddhanti siyā kassaci puthujjanassa āsaṅkā? Tannivāraṇatthamāha ‘‘no aparisuddhattā’’ti. Manodvāraṃparisuddhaṃ asucikārakaupakkilesānaṃ dūrīkatattā. Idāni etarahi buddhakāle. Etthāti manodvāraparisuddhiyaṃ.
已经说明了身行和语行的清净,那么从意义上说,意行的清净也就等于已经说明了,所以他说“身的或语的”。正如这样记载的:“‘身的或语的’这句话,是长老针对四种不守护而说的。”同样地,在“比丘们,我向你们自恣”这句话中,因为自恣是以比丘僧团为对象的,法将(舍利弗)代表比丘僧团作出应答,因此被称为“承担比丘僧团的重任”。所以他说“尊者,我们并不……”等。“不守护”:因为已经达到极其清净的状态,所以不必害怕别人的指责。巴利
Kāyavacīsamācāraparisuddhiyā paveditāya manosamācāraparisuddhi atthato paveditāva hotīti ‘‘kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā’’iccevāha. Tathā hi vuttaṃ ‘‘kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vāti idaṃ catunnaṃ arakkhiyataṃ sandhāya thero āhā’’ti. ‘‘Bhikkhave, pavāremi vo’’ti bhikkhusaṅghavisayattā pavāraṇāya tattha bhikkhusaṅghena vattabbaṃ paṭivacanaṃ dento dhammasenāpati ‘‘bhikkhusaṅghassa bhāraṃ vahanto’’ti vutto. Tenāha ‘‘na kho mayaṃ, bhante’’tiādi. Arakkhiyānīti parānuvādato na bhāyitabbāni suparisuddhabhāvato.
“未生起”这句话是表达内心意图的话。为了阐明这个意图,他说“从迦叶正自觉者以来……”等。“从迦叶正自觉者”是表示来源的格,所以意思是“从迦叶正自觉者以后”。“其他”是指除了这位世尊以外的其他人。“未曾被生起”是指在其他众生的相续中未曾生起。但在自己的相续中,因为有独觉佛的情况,所以不能说未曾生起。“圆满到达”是指正确地、随顺地到达。世尊的戒等功德,指的是已成佛者的功德,因此他说“是依阿拉汉道而来的”。“一切功德”是指十力智等佛陀的一切功德。“bhante”中的“iti”是“等”的意思。因此,它涵盖了从“对于这些……中略……身的或语的”这一整段经文。因此说:“这位长老……在自恣时这样说”。巴利
‘‘Anuppannassā’’ti idaṃ adhippāyikavacananti tadadhippāyaṃ vivaranto ‘‘kassapasammāsambuddhato paṭṭhāyā’’tiādimāha. Kassapasammāsambuddhatoti vibhatte nissakkaṃ, tasmā kassapasammāsambuddhato oranti atthoti. Aññenāti ito bhagavato aññena. Anuppāditapubbassāti parasantāne na uppāditapubbassa. Sasantāne pana paccekabuddhānaṃ vasena na uppāditoti na sakkā vattuṃ. Samanuāgatāti sammā anu upagatā. Bhagavato sīlādayo guṇāti buddhabhūtassa guṇā adhippetāti āha ‘‘arahattamaggameva nissāya āgatā’’ti. Sabbaguṇāti dasabalañāṇādayo sabbe buddhaguṇā. Bhanteti ettha itisaddo ādiattho. Tena ‘‘imesaṃ pana…pe… vācasikaṃ vā’’ti yāvāyaṃ pāḷipadeso, taṃ sabbaṃ gaṇhāti. Tenāha ‘‘idaṃ thero…pe… pavārento āhā’’ti.
依靠自己福报威力成就的轮宝,从直接意义上说,是由它转动才称为“已转动”,而不是由别的什么转动,这是第一种解释。因为只有对已转动的才有随转,而第一种解释是依相似、依名称而说的,所以不采纳它,而说第二种解释。所谓“十种”是指:为内宫之人安排军队的防护与守卫;对随侍的刹帝利;对婆罗门居士;对城镇与乡村的人;对沙门与婆罗门;禁止对鸟兽作非法之行;给予贫穷者财富;亲近沙门与婆罗门并请问问题——如此共十种。其中,若将居士和鸟类分开来算,便成了十二种。“转轮王之行”是指能带来转轮王地位的德行。由于实质上已经转动,与之相应、合理、依循正理与因由的转动,才叫作“已转动”,因此他说“以正理、以因、以缘由”。“俱分解脱者”在此处的意义是从两方面解脱,即从两个部分解脱。他用“从两部分解脱,无色……中略……名身”来说明这个意思。“三明等的境界”是指三明、六神通、四无碍解的境界。因为慧解脱者未达到这三种,唯依慧而解脱。巴利
Yaṃ attano puññānubhāvasiddhaṃ cakkaratanaṃ nippariyāyato tena pavattitaṃ nāma, na itaranti paṭhamanayo vutto. Yasmā pavattitasseva anupavattanaṃ, paṭhamanayo ca taṃsadise tabbohāravasena vuttoti taṃ anādiyitvā dutiyanayo vutto. Dasavidhanti antojanasmiṃ, balakāye rakkhāvaraṇaguttiyā saṃvidhānaṃ, khattiyesu anuyuttesu, brāhmaṇagahapatikesu, negamajānapadesu, samaṇabrāhmaṇesu, migapakkhīsu adhammacārapaṭikkhepo, adhanānaṃ dhanānuppadānaṃ, samaṇabrāhmaṇe upasaṅkamitvā pañhapucchananti evaṃ dasavidhaṃ. Tattha gahapatike pakkhijāte ca visuṃ katvā gahaṇavasena dvādasavidhaṃ. Cakkavattivattanti cakkavattibhāvāvahaṃ vattaṃ. Yasmā yāthāvato pavattitaṃ, tadanurūpakaṃ pana ñāyena yuttakena pavattitaṃ nāma hotīti āha ‘‘sammā nayena hetunā kāraṇenā’’ti. Ubhatobhāgavimuttāti ubhayabhāgehi ubhayabhāgato vimuttāti ayamettha atthoti dasseti ‘‘dvīhi bhāgehi vimuttā, arūpā…pe… nāmakāyato’’ti iminā. Tevijjādibhāvanti tevijjachaḷabhiññacatuppaṭisambhidabhāvaṃ. Paññāvimuttā hi taṃ tividhaṃ appattā kevalaṃ paññāya eva vimuttā.
为了清净,就是为了清净自恣。以结的意义来说,是被称为结的;以束缚的意义来说,是被称为束缚的。战胜了战争,是指以圣道的军队战胜,使贪等烦恼不再抬头。因此说“战胜了贪、嗔、痴的战争”。魔的力量,是指魔的军队,或者魔的能力。应调御的商队,是指应被调伏的众生群体。因为与货车等商队相似,应被调伏者本身就是商队,所以称为应调御的商队。由于缺少戒的核心等,内在是空虚的。巴利
Visuddhatthāyāti visuddhipavāraṇatthāya. Saṃyojanaṭṭhena saṃyojanasaṅkhāte ceva bandhanaṭṭhena bandhanasaṅkhāte ca. Vijitasaṅgāmanti yathā rāgādayo puna na sīsaṃ ukkhipanti, evaṃ ariyamaggasenāya vasena vijitasaṅgāmaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘vijitarāgadosamohasaṅgāma’’nti. Mārabalassāti mārasenāya, mārassa vā sāmatthiyassa. Veneyyasatthanti vinetabbajanasamūhaṃ. Sakaṭādisatthasabhāgato vineyyova satthoti taṃ veneyyasatthaṃ. Sīlasārādiabhāvato antotuccho.
第八 千人经的注释巴利
8. Parosahassasuttavaṇṇanā
216 216. 从一千之后,那时还有二百五十位比丘在侍奉世尊,所以他说“超过一千”,意思是“多于一千”。在涅槃中,从任何原因都不会有怖畏;因为涅槃是无为的,彻底安稳,所以从任何原因来说,在涅槃中都没有怖畏。因此世尊说:“比丘们,我要为你们宣说安稳之法,以及导向安稳之道”等等。由于证得这个境界之后,从任何地方都不会再有怖畏,所以涅槃叫“无怖畏”。因此他说“达到涅槃者的”等等。“从毗婆尸佛以来”:这是为了说明,以我们世尊的名字来算,在仙人中是第七位。因为他们在各处经典中被反复赞叹。或者,“在仙人中”的意思是:在独觉佛、声闻、外道仙人当中,他是第七位,是最上、最殊胜的。巴利
216. Sahassato paraṃ aḍḍhateyyabhikkhusataṃ tadā bhagavantaṃ payirupāsatīti āha ‘‘parosahassanti atirekasahassa’’nti. Nibbāne kutoci bhayaṃ natthīti kutocipi kāraṇato nibbāne bhayaṃ natthi asaṅkhatabhāvena sabbaso khemattā. Tenāha bhagavā – ‘‘khemañca vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desessāmi khemagāminiñca paṭipada’’ntiādi (saṃ. ni. 4.379-408). Na kutoci bhayaṃ etasmiṃ adhigateti akutobhayaṃ, nibbānaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘nibbānappattassā’’tiādi. Vipassito paṭṭhāyāti amhākaṃ bhagavato nāmavasena isīnaṃ sattamabhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Te hi tattha tattha sutte bahuso kittitā. Isīnanti vā paccekabuddhasāvakabāhirakaisīnaṃ sattamo uttaro seṭṭhoti attho.
“依事由发生”是指依其生起的因缘。为了说明这件事的发生因由,才说了“在僧团中”等话。因为他的话语具足辩才,能压制、胜过其他人,所以叫婆耆舍。因此他说了“辩才成就”等话。巴利
Aṭṭhuppattivasenāti kāraṇasamuṭṭhānavasena. Tadassa aṭṭhuppattiṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘saṅghamajjhe’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Paṭibhānasampannavācāya aññe īsati abhibhavatīti vaṅgīso. Tenāha ‘‘paṭibhānasampatti’’ntiādi.
“烦恼涌出的数百种”,说的是贪等烦恼以染着、嗔害等方式,在自己对应的境界上不如理地生起。如果真有数百种之多,那为什么又叫“邪道”呢?于是解释说:“因为是轮回之道,所以也叫‘道’。”依贪、嗔、痴、慢、见而说的贪障等,就是五种障。“正在分别解说”,是指以分别解说的方式在开示。“分别之后”,就是用智慧抉择之后。巴利
Kilesummujjanasatānīti rāgādikilesānaṃ rajjanadussanādinayehi savisaye ayoniso uṭṭhānāni. Yadi anekāni satāni, atha kasmā ‘‘ummaggapatha’’nti? Vuttanti āha ‘‘vaṭṭapathattā pana patha’’nti. Rāgadosamohamānadiṭṭhivasena rāgakhilādīni pañcakhilāni. Vibhajantanti vibhajanavasena kathentaṃ. Vibhajitvāti ñāṇena vivecetvā.
在宣说导向不死之法时,也就是在宣说能带来不死的诸法时。见法的人,是通过亲证真理而见法的。他们不会被各种邪见之风所动摇。巴利
Amateakkhāteti amatāvahe dhamme desite. Dhammassa passitāro saccasampaṭivedhena. Asaṃhīrā diṭṭhivātehi.
彻底穿透,就是通达。已经超越的存在,是从超越的意义上说的存在。十个一半,就是十个的一半。因此说五个。以了知者,是指了知法极其难得的人。巴利
Ativijjhitvāti paṭivijjhitvā. Atikkamabhūtanti atikkamanaṭṭhena bhūtaṃ. Dasaddhānanti dasannaṃ upaḍḍhānaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘pañcanna’’nti. Jānantenāti dhammassa sudullabhataṃ jānantena.
《憍陈如经》的注释巴利
9. Koṇḍaññasuttavaṇṇanā
217 “如是得名”是指:因为世尊说了“贤者们,衮丹雅确实已了知”,为了与其他同样名叫衮丹雅的比丘区分开来,长老才得到这样的名字。“历经长久”是指以十二年为计。“在六牙龙王的住处”就是在六牙龙王所居之处。长老是位有慧的大声闻,因为久住而为人们所识。“一万轮围世界的天与人”是说:一万轮围世界的诸天,以及此轮围世界的人和天,合起来就是一万轮围世界的天与人。“顶端”等语,是从最初说起。“在那里”就是在曼达基尼河岸。巴利
217.Evaṃgahitanāmoti ‘‘aññāsi vata, bho, koṇḍañño’’ti satthu vacanaṃ nissāya bhikkhūhi aññehi koṇḍaññanāmakehi visesanatthaṃ evaṃgahitanāmo. Dvādasannaṃ saṃvaccharānaṃ vasena cirassaṃ. Chaddantabhavaneti chaddantanāgarājabhavanaṭṭhāne. Paññavā mahāsāvako rattaññutāya. ‘‘Dasasahassacakkavāḷe devamanussānanti dasasahassacakkavāḷe devānaṃ, imasmiṃ cakkavāḷe devamanussānañcāti evaṃ dasasahassacakkavāḷe devamanussāna’’nti vadanti. Aggantiādito. Tatthāti mandākinitīre.
“按年资顺序”是指依照戒腊的次第。“那”指的是阿若憍陈如长老。世间人对他就像对大梵天一样,心怀敬畏。作为僧团上首的具寿长老,曾断断续续在各处地方居住,按着这个次第,后来来到了曼达基尼河岸边,所以才说:“尊者,我想在地方上居住。”巴利
Vassaggenāti vassapaṭipāṭiyā. Tanti aññāsikoṇḍaññattheraṃ. Mahābrahmānaṃ viya lokiyamanussā harāyanti. Pāmokkhabhūto āyasmā thero antarantarā tattha tattha janapade vasitvā tadanukkamena mandākinitīraṃ upagato, tasmā vuttaṃ – ‘‘icchāmahaṃ, bhante, janapade vasitu’’nti.
那些具足威神力、享有天界寿命的象王,是这样说的:“这是过去世承事辟支佛、反复亲近服侍而积累下来的。”在长老往来经过的地方,他把挡路的树枝取下移开。至于备好漱口水和齿木,是把娑罗天木等木材相互摩擦生火,点燃后把石块烧热,再用木棍把那些石块滚进湖里、水潭里,等知道水变热了,就递上用龙藤等做成的齿木,同时也备好漱口水。所谓“履行义务”,是指在屋内、屋外,乃至门前庭院里,用带枝叶的扫帚扫地,并按前面所说的方式呈奉饮食,这就是履行义务。巴利
Ānubhāvasampannā dibbāyukā te hatthināgāti vuttaṃ ‘‘pubbe paccekabuddhānaṃ pāricariyāya kataparicayā’’ti. Therassa sañcaraṇaṭṭhāne āvaraṇasākhā haritvā apanetvā. Mukhodakañceva dantakaṭṭhañca ṭhapetīti saḷaladevadārukaṭṭhādīni aññamaññaṃ ghaṃsitvā aggiṃ nibbattetvā jāletvā tattha pāsāṇakhaṇḍāni tāpetvā tāni daṇḍakehi vaṭṭetvā taḷākāsu udakasoṇḍīsu khipitvā udakassa tattabhāvaṃ ñatvā nāgalatādantakaṭṭhaṃ upanento mukhodakañca ṭhapeti. Vattaṃ karotīti antokuṭiyā bahi ca pamukhepi aṅgaṇepi sākhābhaṅgehi sammajjanto vakkhamānanayena āhāraṃ upanento vattaṃ karoti.
“齐腰量”是指齐腰深。或者也可以这样读:那片白莲花丛有多大,它就有多大。红莲花丛等也是同样的道理。“人们在吃”,就像很熟的奶酪一样,好比充分成熟的奶酪。因为浓稠,就像掺进了碎蜂蜜一样。因此说:“这叫做莲花蜜。”“藕根”是指白莲的根。“藕茎”是指这些莲花的球茎。“在每一节间”,就是在每一个节与节之间。“脚罐量”是斗量的四分之一,因为形状小,所以说是约脚罐量,也就是大约一桶的量。“在小酒沼及小坑穴”,是指在小酒池和小坑洞中。巴利
Patiṭṭhappamāṇeti kaṭippamāṇe, ayameva vā pāṭho tāva mahantamevāti yāva mahantaṃ setapadumavanaṃ , tāva mahantameva. Eseva nayo rattakumudavanādīsu. Khādantā manussā. Pakkapayoghanikā viyāti supakkapayoghanaṃ viya. Ghanabhāvena pana pakkhittakhuddamadhu viya hoti. Tenāha ‘‘etaṃ pokkharamadhu nāmā’’ti. Muḷālanti setapadumānaṃ mūlaṃ. Bhisanti tesaṃyeva kandaṃ. Ekasmiṃ pabbeti ekekasmiṃ pabbantare. Pādaghaṭakanti doṇassa catubhāgo saṇṭhānato khuddako, tasmā pādaghaṭakappamāṇanti tumbamattaṃ. Soṇḍiāvāṭeti khuddakasoṇḍiyo ceva khuddakaāvāṭe ca.
这食物,就是前面说的不加水的米粥。有些年长的大长老认得出来,有些刚出家不久的新比丘认不出来。巴利
Etaṃ bhojananti yathāvuttaṃ nirudakapāyasabhojanaṃ. Keci sañjānanti ye therā vuḍḍhatarā. Keci na sañjānanti ye navā acirapabbajitā.
随佛觉者,就是随佛陀而觉者。具极强精进力者,是指依四正勤而长久累积精进的人。三种远离的证得者,应理解为证得身远离、心远离和依止远离。鹏耆舍长老宣说四无碍解,是出自他自身的辩才,并非因为缺乏其他神通智,所以说“其余”等语。大众安静下来,意思是大众以全然无声的状态默然安坐。请求允许,是指他先自己已知、已然现前的自身般涅槃的时刻,随后去告知世尊,这里应当这样理解其义。巴利
Buddhānubuddhoti buddhassa anubuddho. Bāḷhavīriyoti catunnaṃ sammappadhānānaṃ vasena ciranicitavīriyo. Tiṇṇaṃ vivekānanti kāyacittaupadhivivekānaṃ lābhīti yojanā. Catasso vadati vaṅgīsatthero sayaṃpaṭibhānaṃ, na sesābhiññānaṃ abhāvatoti āha ‘‘itarā’’tiādi. Parisā sannisīdi nissaddabhāvena tuṇhī ahosīti attho. Anujānāpesīti paṭhamaṃ attanā ñātaṃ upaṭṭhitaṃ attano parinibbānakālaṃ anu pacchā satthāraṃ jānāpesīti evaṃ ettha attho daṭṭhabbo.
尊者,所谓“那”,是指在阿沙荼月满月日于仙人堕处的那次相见,或者是在修苦行期间我们对您的侍奉,也就是最初的相见,那就是初次相见。“低垂与偏斜”,是指向下、向上低垂而偏斜。“令震动后”,是指稍微摇撼一下之后,为了示现,那些象王、龙王、夜叉、鸠槃荼以及天神们发出一种声音。梵天们对诸天宣说了,应当这样关联来理解。巴利
Tanti āsāḷhipuṇṇamāya isipatane yaṃ dassanaṃ, yaṃ vā dukkaracariyāyaṃ tumhākaṃ upaṭṭhānaṃ ādito dassanaṃ, taṃ, bhante, paṭhamadassanaṃ. Onatavinatāti heṭṭhā upari ca onatā vinatā. Kampetvāti thokaṃ cāletvā dassanatthaṃ ekaninnādo tesaṃ hatthināgānañceva nāgayakkhakumbhaṇḍānaṃ devatānañca saddena. Brahmāno devānaṃ adaṃsūti sambandho.
他们一起诵经,是为了让那些因为值得生起净信的事物而聚集起来、已经生起净信的大众,借着净信的力量生起净信。所谓“世尊出去”,是说世尊从香室走出来。“仍然住立”,是说达到了不坏灭的状态而依然安住。巴利
Sajjhāyamakaṃsu pasādanīyesu pasādavasena sannipatitaparisāya pasādajananatthaṃ bhagavati nikkhamitvāti bhagavati gandhakuṭito nikkhamitvā. Dharatiyevāti aduṭṭhataṃ patvā tiṭṭhateva.
《目犍连经》的注释巴利
10. Moggallānasuttavaṇṇanā
218 “观察”是指:用自己的智眼去观察那些圣者的心,反复地审察、观察。“山的”是指仙吞山。“到达苦的彼岸”是指到达了轮回之苦的尽头、边际。“具足一切功德”是指圆满具足佛陀与声闻的一切功德。“具足种种行相”是指对于以色相、音声、举止等来衡量众生的那些人,他以种种行相,具足无量、无边、不可计数的能令生起净信的特质。然而,这些特质唯是佛陀不共的特有功德,因此说“具足无量的功德”。巴利
218.Paccavekkhatīti tesaṃ ariyānaṃ cittaṃ attano ñāṇacakkhunā pati avekkhati paccavekkhati. Pabbatassāti isigilipabbatassa. Dukkhapāraṃ gatanti vaṭṭadukkhassa pāraṃ pariyantaṃ gataṃ . Sabbaguṇasampannanti sabbehi buddhaguṇehi ca sāvakaguṇehi ca paripuṇṇaṃ. Anekākārasampannanti rūpaghosalūkhadhammappamāṇikānaṃ sattānaṃ tehi tehi ākārehi sabbesañca anekehi anantāparimeyyehi pasīditabbākārehi samannāgataṃ. Te pana ākārā yasmā anaññasādhāraṇā buddhaguṇā eva, tasmā āha ‘‘anekehi guṇehi samannāgata’’nti.
11. 《伽伽拉经》的注释巴利
11. Gaggarāsuttavaṇṇanā
219 “他们”是指那些天和人。有人说,“以身色”是指身体的肤色;也有人说,“以身色”是指法身的功德。也有“以名声”这样的读法,意思是一样的。“离垢”是指已经远离了云、雾等种种随烦恼。“光”就是光辉,因为他拥有超胜的光辉,所以叫“光耀者”。说到“太阳”,是在说“像日轮一样”。巴利
219.Teti te devamanusse. ‘‘Sarīravaṇṇenāti sarīre chavivaṇṇenā’’ti vadanti. Sarīravaṇṇenāti vā dhammarūpakāyaguṇena. ‘‘Yasasā’’tipi pāṭho, so evattho. Vigatamaloti abbhāmahikādīhi vigatūpakkileso . Bhāṇu vuccati pabhā, sātisayo bhāṇu etassa atthīti bhāṇumā. Sūriyoti āha ‘‘ādicco viyā’’ti.
12.《鹏耆舍经》的注释巴利
12. Vaṅgīsasuttavaṇṇanā
220 据说他四处游历,这就是这句话的关联所在。他带着一根阎浮树枝,心里想:“就像这个洲因为阎浮树而被称为赡部洲一样,我也要因为那棵阎浮树而被人知道。”双方立下约定:“在这场辩论中,如果你输了,你就做我的奴隶;如果我输了,我就做你的妻子。”因为辩论胜负的力量,就是在这样进行的辩论中,靠游方者的胜利以及自己的失败。到了年龄,就是指到了学习技艺的年龄。明,就是咒语。巴利
220. So kira vicaratīti sambandho. ‘‘Yathāyaṃ dīpo jambudīpoti jambunā paññāto, evāhampi tena jambunā paññāyissa’’nti jambusākhaṃ pariharitvā. Vādaṃ katvāti ‘‘imasmiṃ vāde sace te parājayo hoti, tvaṃ me dāso hohi. Sace me parājayo, ahaṃ te bhariyā’’ti evaṃ katikaṃ katvā. Vāde jayaparājayānubhāvenāti tathāpavattite vāde paribbājakassa jayānubhāvena ceva attano parājayena ca. Vayaṃ āgammāti sippuggahaṇavayaṃ āgamma. Vijjanti mantaṃ.
这段咒术凭显示投生去处的作用,败坏、摧毁死人头骨的状态,所以叫“毁尸术”,也就是能产生这种效果的咒语。所谓“凭他自己的威力”,是说靠佛陀的威神力,把投生地狱的有情那颗落在不管什么地方的头取来,展示给人看。所谓“漏尽者的头”,是说那位极度少欲、不让任何人知道,进入山林后般涅槃的漏尽者所丢弃的头颅。“展示”呢,就是凭他自己的威力取来,然后展示出来。巴利
Nibbattagativibhāvanavasena chavasīsabhāvaṃ dūseti vināsetīti chavadūsakaṃ sippaṃ, tathāpavattaṃ mantapadaṃ. Attano ānubhāvenāti niraye nibbattasattassa sīsaṃ yattha katthaci ṭhitaṃ buddhānubhāvena ānetvā dassetvā. Khīṇāsavassa sīsanti paramappicchatāya kañcipi ajānāpetvā araññaṃ pavisitvā parinibbutassa khīṇāsavassa chaḍḍitaṃ sīsakaṭāhaṃ. Dassesīti attano ānubhāvena ānetvā dassesi.
“贤者们,乔达摩,你们知道吗?”鹏耆舍其实是就投生处发问,世尊却是就无余涅槃回答:“是的,鹏耆舍……我知道他的趣。”正如所说:“涅槃就是阿拉汉的趣。”鹏耆舍凭自己的咒力能知道属于趣的范围内的趣,便以为世尊也是这样,于是说:“乔达摩贤者,您是用咒知道的吧?”世尊把自己的佛智本身当作咒来显示,说:“是的,鹏耆舍,我正是以同一个咒知道的。”“免费地给与”,是指没有根据。“睡在无任何遮盖的地面上”,就是露地坐。“等”字包含了日中的第三次沐浴、入水、取土等行为。从“他……证得了阿拉汉果”这句来看,鹏耆舍长老出家后不久,似乎是以乐行道证得阿拉汉果,但不能这样看。实际上,这位长老出家后虽然开始修习止观,却是以苦行道度过了那样一段时间之后,才证得阿拉汉果。因此说——巴利
‘‘Tumhe, bho gotama, jānāthā’’ti kāmaṃ vaṅgīso nibbattaṭṭhānaṃ sandhāya pucchati, bhagavā pana anupādisesanibbānaṃ sandhāya ‘‘āma, vaṅgīsa…pe… gatiṃ jānāmī’’ti āha. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘nibbānaṃ arahato gatī’’ti. Vaṅgīso sayaṃ mantabalena gatipariyāpannassa gatiṃ jānanto bhagavantampi ‘‘ayampi tathā’’ti maññamāno ‘‘mantena jānāsi, bho gotamā’’ti āha. Bhagavā attano buddhañāṇameva mantaṃ katvā dīpento ‘‘āma, vaṅgīsa, ekena manteneva jānāmī’’ti āha. Mudhā eva dātabbanti amūliko. Anantarahitāya bhūmiyā sayanaṃ thaṇḍilaseyyā. Ādi-saddena sāyatatiyaṃ udakorohaṇabhūmiharaṇādiṃ saṅgaṇhāti. So taṃ…pe… arahattaṃ pāpuṇīti iminā vaṅgīsatthero pabbajitvā na cirasseva sukhāya paṭipadāya arahattaṃ patto viya dissati, na kho panetaṃ evaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ, āyatiṃ thero pabbajitvā samathavipassanāsu kammaṃ ārabhitvāpi dukkhāya paṭipadāya tādisaṃ kālaṃ vītināmetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tenāha –
我确实已经出离了家,进入了无家的状态,内心寂静。
这些粗野的寻不断朝我涌来,从黑暗那边窜出来。巴利
‘‘Nikkhantaṃ vata maṃ santaṃ, agārasmānagāriyaṃ; Vitakkā upadhāvanti, pagabbhā kaṇhato ime’’. (saṃ. ni. 1.209; theragā. 1218);
具寿鹏耆舍生起了不喜乐,贪欲侵扰了他的心,就像他说的:“我被欲贪烧灼,我的心彻底燃烧……”等等。巴利
Āyasmato vaṅgīsassa anabhirati uppannā hoti, rāgo cittaṃ anuddhaṃseti, ‘‘kāmarāgena ḍayhāmi, cittaṃ me pariḍayhatī’’tiādi (theragā. 1232).
“解脱之乐”:是指在彻底解脱一切烦恼的解脱与涅槃中生起的、当下现前的阿拉汉果之乐。所谓“感受”,就是在所限定的时间里正确地感知、体验着它。“诗人所作的”,或者是从那传承而来的,或者属于他的,就是“诗偈”;这里所说的正是这个,所以称为“诗偈”。“那些已入决定、已见者”:是指作为圣者的比丘、佛陀的弟子们,他们依果位而住,所以是“已入决定者”;依道位而住,所以是“已见决定者”。这里所说的“决定”,指的是正性决定。“善来得”:是指我来到这位导师面前,来到这法和律之中,这样的到来、出家、受具足戒,就是善妙的到来。对此,说明了其中的原因,即“三明”等。虽然偈颂中没有明说,但依义理已经含摄了长老具有六通这一点,因为他已经如此领受。巴利
Vimuttisukhanti sabbaso kilesavimuttiyaṃ nibbāne ca uppannaṃ sampatiarahattaphalasukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedentoti yathāparicchinnaṃ kālaṃ pati sammadeva vedento anubhavanto. Kavinā kataṃ, tato vā āgataṃ, tassa vā idanti kāveyaṃ, tadevettha ‘‘kāveyya’’nti vuttaṃ. Ye niyāmagataddasāti ye bhikkhū ariyā buddhānaṃ sāvakā phalaṭṭhabhāvena niyāmagatā ceva maggaṭṭhabhāvena niyāmadasā ca. Niyāmoti hi sammattaniyāmo adhippeto. Suāgamananti mama imassa satthuno santike āgamanaṃ upagamanaṃ, imasmiñca dhammavinaye āgamanaṃ pabbajanaṃ upasampadā sundaraṃ āgamanaṃ. Tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘tisso vijjā’’tiādi. Avuttampi gāthāya atthato gahitameva therassa chaḷabhiññabhāvato.